FOUR CO-ORDINATE DC

MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

Submitted by


Under Guidance of

Content :
Introduction
D.C. motor
Working principle
Types of motor
Method of speed control
Pulse width modulation
Circuit diagram & its description
Advantages & Disadvantages
Application
Conclusion

Introduction :
Almost all the machine in industries operated using
electrical motors. Among them most of motors are DC
motors.

DC series motor is specially used for traction, electric
locomotive, trolley systems, cranes and conveyor belt.

All these works require frequent speed control for
preparation of job.

A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) wave can be used
to control the speed of the motor.

Working Principle:
A machine that convert d.c power into mechanical
power.

It is based on electromagnetism i.e. when a current
carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field
there is some mechanical force exerted on the current
carrying conductor which is perpendicular to both the
conductor and the magnetic filed.

The most common DC motor types are the shunt
wound and series wound types.
Shunt wound motor :
Shunt wound motor are used for driving constant
speed shafts, centrifugal pumps, blower & pumps etc.

The characteristics of a DC shunt wound motor give it
very good speed regulation, and it is classified as a
constant speed motor, even though the speed does
slightly decrease as load is increased.

Shunt-wound motors are used in industrial and
automotive applications where precise control of
speed and torque are required.
Series wound motor :
The advantage of a Series Wound Motor is that it
develops a large torque and can be operated at low
speed.

It is a motor that is well-suited for starting heavy
loads; it is often used for industrial cranes and
winches where very heavy loads must be moved slowly
and lighter loads moved more rapidly.

DC series motor is specially used for traction, electric
locomotive, trolley systems, cranes hoists and
conveyor
Speed control of dc motor :
The purpose of a motor speed controller is to
take a signal representing the required speed,
and to drive a motor at that speed.

Motor speed can be controlled by
controlling-
- Armature voltage (V
a
)
- Armature current (I
a
)



Cont
It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by
varying

flux/pole, (Flux Control)

resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control)

applied voltage V (Voltage Control)
Cont
The above methods have some demerits i.e
A large amount of power is wasted in the
controller resistance. Hence, efficiency is
decreased.

It needs expensive arrangement for dissipation of
heat produced in the controller resistance.

It gives speeds below the normal speed.
Electronic Speed Control Methods for DC
Motors :
compared to the electric and electromechanical
systems of speed control, the electronic methods have
higher accuracy

greater reliability

quick response

higher efficiency
Principle :
The main principle is control of power by varying the
duty cycle.
Here the conduction time to the load is controlled.
Let
for a time t1, the input voltage appears across the load ie
ON state.
for t2 time the voltage across the load is zero.
The average voltage at output is given by
V
a
= 1/T v
o
dt = t
1
/T Vs = ft
1
Vs = kVs
the average load current
Ia = Va/R = KVs/R
where T is the total time period =t1+t2
k = t1/T is the duty cycle


Cont
The rms value of output voltage is

V0 = ( i/T V
0
2
dt )

= k Vs
The output power and is given by

Pi = 1/T v
0
idt = 1/T v
0
2
/R dt = kVs
2
/R

The duty cycle can be varied from 0 to 1 by varying t1, T or f.
Therefore, the output voltage V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by
controlling k, and the power flow can be controlled.


As the time t1 changes the width of pulse is varied and this type
of control is called pulse width modulation (PWM) control.




Pulse Width Modulation :
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method for binary
signals generation, which has 2 signal periods (high
and low).

The width (W) of each pulse varies between 0 and the
period (T).

The duty cycle (D) of a signal is the ratio of pulse
width to period.
D=(t1+t2) / T
Pictures of the Waveform :
The motor is on for
most of the time and
only off a short while,
so the speed is near
maximum
The switch is on 50%
and off 50%.
The motor will only
rotate slowly.

High Speed Signal (90%)
The signal at the right
shows the motor on
for most of the time.

The white dips
indicate when the
motor isnt receiving
power.

Signal With The Motor Half Speed
(50%)



The signal at the right
shows the motor
receiving power half
the time.
Low Speed Signal (10%)



The signal at the right
shows the low speed
signal which turns the
motor slowly
Circuit Description :
Power supply
Motor Controller
Power Supply :
Circuit Description:
The transformer is a center tap 12-0-12V 500mA and
supply 12v to the circuit.
The i/p sine wave is rectified by using full wave
rectifier which convert it to one constant polarity.



A 1000Fcapacitor is used for filtration purpose.

The three terminal voltage regulators 7812 provides
regulated DC 12 v outputs for the operation of the
circuit.
Circuit Diagram :
(Motor Controller Sections)
Detailed Circuit Diagram
Circuit Description :
The design is based on astable multivibrator IC1a.
output is low for a period determined by R1 and high
for a period set by R2 and P1.
When C1 is discharged, the level at the input of IC1a is
below the lower threshold, so that the output of this
stage is high.
The capacitor is then charged rapidly via D1 and R1,
and reaches the upper threshold in about
t = ln(2)RC
= ln(2).(22k).(100nf)
=1.5 ms
Cont..
As output of IC1a goes low, whereupon C1 is
discharged via D2, R2, and P1.
The discharge time could be set between 0.2ms and
25ms.
the duty factor of the output signal may be varied
between 5% and 90%.
The signal is inverted again and then applied to the
input of transistor BC557 through 4k7.
The transistor Bc557 act as a buffer which transfer
electrical impedance from one circuit to another
circuit i.e. it act as a pre amplifier.

Cont
The o/p of Bc557 is given to the power transistor
2N3055 which is used in a circuit as an amplifier,
detector, or switch.
The diode connected across the motor is for
freewheeling purpose i.e. the diode used to eliminate
flyback, the sudden voltage spike seen across an
inductive load when its supply voltage is suddenly
reduced or removed.
The resistance of P1(Potentiometer) is at a minimum,
the rotary speed of the motor is at a maximum.

Advantage :
PWM duty cycle control techniques enable
greater efficiency of the DC motor .
PWM switching control methods improve speed
control and reduce the power losses in the
system.
The pulses reach the full supply voltage and will
produce more torque in a motor by being able to
overcome the internal motor resistances more
easily.
Disadvantages :
The main Disadvantages of PWM circuits are the
added complexity and the possibility of
generating radio frequency interference .

It can give speed below the full speed, not above.

It cannot be used for fast controlling of speed.
Applications :
Traction application
Conveyor Belt carrying loads
Various motors requiring smooth speed control
DC motors of all range can be controlled, which are
used for the production of materials
Electric locomotives
DC motor using precise job preparations
Conclusion
The present project is practical one and high
feasibility according to economic point of view,
reliability & accuracy. It is programmable one
therefore it can control various motors ranging
small one to several hp motors.
Any query