Lte Air Interface

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Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
LTE Air Interface
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. The Air interface
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
3. Dynamic Resource Allocation
4. Intra LTE Mobility

Contents

Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.3 Radio Interface Techniques
1.4 Transmission Modes
1.5 Spectrum Usage
1.6 Channel Coding in LTE
1.7 Principles of OFDM

Contents
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.5 Spectrum Usage

Evolution of Cellular Networks
1G (First
Generation)
2G (Second
Generation)
3G (Third
Generation)
4G (Fourth
Generation)
First Generation Mobile Systems
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System)
TACS (Total Access Communications System)
ETACS (Extended Total Access Communications System)
Second Generation Mobile
Systems
GSM
cdmaOne
(IS-95)
D-AMPS
(IS-136)
Other
2G (Second
Generation)
2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS
Systems
System Service Theoretical Data
Rate
Typical Data Rate
2G GSM Circuit Switched
Data Service
9.6kbit/s or
14.4kbit/s
9.6kbit/s or
14.4kbit/s
2.5G GPRS Packet Switched
Data
171.2kbit/s 4kbit/s to 50kbit/s
2.75G EDGE Packet Switched
Data
473.6kbit/s 120kbit/s

Third Generation Mobile Systems
3G (Third
Generation)
UMTS
TD-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
CDMA2000
WiMAX
UMTS
WCDMA
Fourth Generation Mobile Systems
Key IMT Advanced Features
A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to
support a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner.
Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks.
Capability of interworking with other radio access systems.
High quality mobile services.
User equipment suitable for worldwide use.
User-friendly applications, services and equipment.
Worldwide roaming capability.
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100Mbit/s for high
and 1Gbit/s for low mobility were identified as targets).

Fourth Generation Mobile Systems
4G (Fourth
Generation)
LTE
Advanced
WiMAX
802.16m
UMB
(EV-DO Rev C)
Contents
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.5 Spectrum Usage

3GPP Releases
GSM
9.6kbit/s
Phase 1
GPRS
171.2kbit/s
Phase 2+
(Release 97)
EDGE
473.6kbit/s
Release 99
UMTS
2Mbit/s
Release 99
HSDPA
14.4Mbit/s
Release 5
HSUPA
5.76Mbit/s
Release 6
HSPA+
28.8Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
Release 7/8
LTE
+300Mbit/s
Release 8
Release 9/10
LTE Advanced
Release 5 - HSDPA
HSDPA
Adaptive Modulation
Flexible Coding
Fast Scheduling (2ms)
HARQ
UE
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
Iub
HSUPA
Flexible Coding
Fast Power Scheduling
HARQ
UE
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
Iub
Page16
Release 6 - HSUPA
UE
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
Iub
HSPA+
64 QAM (DL)
16 QAM (UL)
MIMO Operation (DL)
Power Enhancements (DL)
Less Overhead (DL)
Page17
Release 7 - HSPA+
Release 8 - HSPA+ and LTE
HSPA+
64 QAM + MIMO (DL)
Dual Cell Operation
Less Overhead (UL)
LTE
Enhanced Techniques
Flexible Bandwidth
Flexible Spectrum Options
High Data Rates
Very Fast Scheduling
Improved Latency
UE
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
Iub
eNB
E-UTRAN
Release 9 and Beyond
LTE
Release 8
LTE
Release 9
LTE Advanced
Release 10
Contents
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.5 Spectrum Usage

Radio Interface Techniques
Radio Interface
Techniques
FDMA
TDMA CDMA
OFDMA
Frequency
Power
Time
Page22
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
FDMA
Each user allocated a
different subband/
channel.
Frequency
Power
Time
Page23
Time Division Multiple Access
TDMA
different time on the
channel.
Code Division Multiple Access
Frequency
Power
Time
CDMA
different code on the
channel.
Frequency
Power
Time
Page25
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
OFDMA
different resource
which can vary in
time and frequency.
Contents
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.5 Spectrum Usage

Transmission Modes
Frequency Division Duplex
Uplink Downlink
Duplex Spacing
Frequency
Channel
Bandwidth
Channel
Bandwidth
Transmission Modes
Time Division Duplex
TDD
Frequency
Downlink
and Uplink
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
TDD Frame TDD Frame
Time
Asymmetric
Allocation
Contents
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.5 Spectrum Usage

GSM Bands
Operating Band Frequency
Band
Uplink Frequency
(MHz)
Downlink
Frequency (MHz)
GSM 400 450 450.4 - 457.6 460.4 - 467.6
GSM 400 480 478.8 - 486.0 488.8 - 496.0
GSM 850 850 824.0 - 849.0 869.0 - 894.0
GSM 900 (P-GSM) 900 890.0 - 915.0 935.0 - 960.0
GSM 900 (E-GSM) 900 880.0 - 915.0 925.0 - 960.0
GSM-R (R-GSM) 900 876.0 - 880.0 921.0 - 925.0
DCS 1800 1800 1710.0 - 1785.0 1805.0 - 1880.0
PCS 1900 1900 1850.0 - 1910.0 1930.0 - 1990.0

UMTS Bands
Operating Band Frequency
Band
Uplink Frequency
(MHz)
Downlink
Frequency (MHz)
I 2100 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170
II 1900 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990
III 1800 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880
IV 1700 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155
V 850 824 - 849 869 - 894
VI 800 830 - 840 875 - 885
VII 2600 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690
VIII 900 880 - 915 925 - 960
IX 1700 1749.9 - 1784.9 1844.9 - 1879.9
X 1700 1710 - 1770 2110 - 2170
XI 1500 1427.9 - 1452.9 1475.9 - 1500.9
XII 700 698 - 716 728 - 746
XIII 700 777 - 787 746 - 756
XIV 700 788 - 798 758 - 768

UMTS TDD Frequency Bands
Frequency Band
1900 - 1920
2010 - 2025
1850 - 1910
1930 - 1990
1910 - 1930
2570 - 2620

Existing GSM Deployments
GSM 900
GSM 1800
Europe, Middle
East, Africa,
and most of
Asia/Pacific.
GSM 850
GSM 1900
United States,
Canada, and
many other
countries in the
Americas.
GSM 400
This has
limited
support.
Key UMTS Deployment Bands
Band I
(WCDMA
2100)
Band II
(WCDMA
1900)
Band IV
(WCDMA
1700)
Band VIII
(WCDMA
900)
Band V
(WCDMA
850)
Main UMTS
Deployments
LTE Release 8 Bands
Band Duplex F
DL_low

(MHz)
F
DL_high

(MHz)
N
Offs-DL
N
DL
F
UL_low

(MHz)
F
UL_high

(MHz)
N
Offs-UL
N
UL

1 FDD 2110 2170 0 0-599 1920 1980 18000 18000-18599
2 FDD 1930 1990 600 600-1199 1850 1910 18600 18600-19199
3 FDD 1805 1880 1200 1200-1949 1710 1785 19200 19200-19949
4 FDD 2110 2155 1950 1950-2399 1710 1755 19950 19950-20399
5 FDD 869 894 2400 2400-2649 824 849 20400 20400-20649
6 FDD 875 885 2650 2650-2749 830 840 20650 20650-20749
7 FDD 2620 2690 2750 2750-3449 2500 2570 20750 20750-21449
8 FDD 925 960 3450 3450-3799 880 915 21450 21450-21799
9 FDD 1844.9 1879.9 3800 3800-4149 1749.9 1784.9 21800 21800-22149
10 FDD 2110 2170 4150 4150-4749 1710 1770 22150 22150-22749
11 FDD 1475.9 1500.9 4750 4750-4999 1427.9 1452.9 22750 22750-22999
12 FDD 728 746 5000 5000-5179 698 716 23000 23000-23179
13 FDD 746 756 5180 5180-5279 777 787 23180 23180-23279
14 FDD 758 768 5280 5280-5379 788 798 23280 23280-23379
17 FDD 734 746 5730 5730-5849 704 716 23730 23730-23849
33 TDD 1900 1920 36000 36000-36199 1900 1920 36000 36000-36199
34 TDD 2010 2025 36200 36200-36349 2010 2025 36200 36200-36349
35 TDD 1850 1910 36350 36350-36949 1850 1910 36350 36350-36949
36 TDD 1930 1990 36950 36950-37549 1930 1990 36950 36950-37549
37 TDD 1910 1930 37550 37550-37749 1910 1930 37550 37550-37749
38 TDD 2570 2620 37750 37750-38249 2570 2620 37750 37750-38249
39 TDD 1880 1920 38250 38250-38649 1880 1920 38250 38250-38649
40 TDD 2300 2400 38650 38650-39649 2300 2400 38650 38650-39649
eNB
UE
Page36
Carrier Frequency EARFCN
Calculation
F
DL
= F
DL_low
+ 0.1(N
DL
- N
Offs-DL
)
F
UL
= F
UL_low
+ 0.1(N
UL
- N
Offs-UL
)
Example
Frequency
Uplink Downlink
100kHz Raster
2127.4MHz 1937.4MHz
F
DL
= F
DL_low
+ 0.1(N
DL
- N
Offs-DL
)
(F
DL
- F
DL_low
)
0.1
+ N
Offs-DL
(2127.4 - 2110)
0.1
+ 0
N
DL
=
N
DL
= = 174
Contents
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.5 Spectrum Usage

LTE Transport Channel Processing
Transport Block CRC Attachment
Code Block CRC Attachment and
Segmentation
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Code Block Concatenation
Additional Layer 1 Processes
Transport Block
MAC Layer
PHY Layer
Transport Block CRC
CRC
Calculate
CRC
Transport Block
Transport Block
Transmitter
Possible radio
interface errors
CRC Transport Block
Calculate
CRC
CRC
Compare
Receiver
CRC Parity Bits
a
0
Transport Block CRC Parity Bits
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
A-1
p
0
p
1
p
L-1
A = Input Sequence L = Parity Length
Code Block Segmentation and
CRC Attachment
CRC Transport Block
Transport Block CRC
CRC
Code Block #1 Code Block #2 Code Block #3
Code Block CRC Filler Bits
Example
8000bits
4200bits
4224bits
3800bits
24bit Code
Block CRC
16 Filler Bits
3840bits
24bit Code
Block CRC
Channel Coding
Transport Channel Coding Options
Transport Channel Coding Method Rate
DL-SCH
Turbo Coding 1/3
UL-SCH
PCH
MCH
BCH Tail Biting Convolutional Coding 1/3

Channel Coding
Control Information Coding Options
Control Information Coding Method Rate
DCI Tail Biting Convolutional Coding 1/3
CFI Block Code 1/16
HI Repetition Code 1/3
UCI Block Code Variable
Tail Biting Convolutional Coding 1/3

Repetition Coding
1
1 1 1
ACK
Repetition
Coding
Orthogonal sequences
0 0 0
0
NACK
Orthogonal sequences
Block Coding
CFI CFI Codeword < b
0
, b
1
, , b
31
>
1 <0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1>
2 <1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0>
3 <1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1>
4 (Reserved) <0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0>

Convolutional Encoding
Rate Convolutional Encoder
Output
XOR Gate
G
0
A
0
G
1
B
1
C
1
D
0
S1 S2 Input
Shift
Registers
Convolutional Coding Example
Input S1 S2 G
0
G
1

0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1

Convolutional Coding Trellis
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
11
Current
State
Next State
11
00
11
00
10
01
01
10
Input 0
Input 1
Output
Viterbi Decoding
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
11
Input
Sequence
00
10
01
11
0 1 1 0
Transmitted
/Received
00 11 01 01
0
2
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
0 0
2
1
1
1
2
1
0 0
2
Indicate possible
number of bits in
error.
Input 0 Input 1
Coding Comparison Chart
Standard Convolutional Coding Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
Initializes the shift register with zeros. Initializes the shift register with the last bits
of the stream, i.e. zeros are not added for
initialization.
Padded with zeros. The shift register finishes, such that the last
bits of input are the same as what was used
to initialize the shift registers.

Initializing Tail Biting Convolutional
Encoding
Tail Biting
Convolutional Coding
Input Bits
Last 6bits used to
initialize coder.
LTE 1/3 Rate Tail Biting
Convolutional Coding
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
c
k
d
k
(1)
G
1
d
k
(0)
G
0
d
k
(2)
G
2
LTE Turbo Coding
D D D
D D D
Turbo Code
Internal
Interleaver
c
k
c
k
2
nd
Constituent Encoder
1
st
Constituent Encoder
z
k
x
k
x
k
z
k
Systematic
Bits
Parity
Bits
Parity
Bits
The dotted lines
are part of the
trellis termination.
Rate Matching
d
k
(1)
d
k
(0)
d
k
(2)
Sub-block
Interleaver
Sub-block
Interleaver
Sub-block
Interleaver
v
k
(1)
v
k
(0)
v
k
(2)
Bit
Collection
w
k
Virtual
Circular
Buffer
Bit Selection
and Pruning
e
k
LTE Sub-block Interleaver
Number of Columns Inter-column Permutation Pattern
32 < 0, 16, 8, 24, 4, 20, 12, 28, 2, 18, 10, 26, 6,
22, 14, 30, 1, 17, 9, 25, 5, 21, 13, 29, 3, 19,
11, 27, 7, 23, 15, 31 >

4200bits
4224bits
3800bits
3840bits
Code Block CRC Attachment and Segmentation
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
e
k
e
k
f
k
Contents
1.2 3GPP Releases
1.5 Spectrum Usage

eNB
UE
Page60
Principles of OFDM
OFDM
(OFDMA)
OFDM
(SC-FDMA)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency
Guard Band
Channel
Bandwidth
Subcarrier
OFDM Subcarriers
Frequency
Channel
Bandwidth
Orthogonal
Subcarriers
Centre Subcarrier
Not Orthogonal
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
Coded
Bits
Serial
to
Parallel
Subcarrier
Modulation
IFFT
Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform
RF
Complex
Waveform
FFT
Fast Fourier
Transform
Page64
Fast Fourier Transform
Receiver
Subcarrier
Demodulation
Coded
Bits
Parallel
to
Serial
LTE Channel and FFT Sizes
Channel
Bandwidth
FFT Size Subcarrier
Bandwidth
Sampling Rate
1.4MHz 128
15kHz
1.92MHz
3MHz 256 3.84MHz
5MHz 512 7.68MHz
10MHz 1024 15.36MHz
15MHz 1536 23.04MHz
20MHz 2048 30.72MHz

OFDM Symbol Mapping
Time
Frequency
Amplitude
OFDM
Symbol
Cyclic
Prefix
Modulated
OFDM
Symbol
OFDM
Peak to Average Power Ratio
Amplitude
Time
OFDM
Symbol
PAPR (Peak to Average
Power Ratio) Issue
Peak
Average
Time Domain Interference
Energy
Time
Delay Spread
Inter Symbol Interference
1
st
Received
Signal
Delayed
Signal
Interference
Caused
Cyclic Prefix
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Frequency
Time
Symbol Period T(s)
T(g)
Symbol Period T(s)
Bit Period T(b)
Cyclic Prefix
Questions
Which release of the 3GPP specifications includes the initial
release of LTE?
a. Release 6.
b. Release 7.
c. Release 8.
a. Release 9.
Questions
What is the general name given to Frequency band IV in
North America?
Questions
What is the maximum size that a Turbo coder can handle in
LTE?
a. 1024bits.
b. 2048bits.
c. 5512bits.
d. 6144bits.
Questions
Name the four main types of channel coding (FEC methods)
used in LTE.
Contents

Contents
2.1 The Uu Interface
2.2 LTE Radio Interface Protocols
2.3 LTE Channel Structure
2.4 LTE Frame Structure
2.5 OFDM Signal Generation
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
2.7 LTE Physical Signals
Contents
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
2.9 Downlink LTE Physical Channels
2.10 Downlink Control Signaling
2.11 LTE Cell Search Procedure
2.12 Uplink Transmission Technique
2.13 OFDMA Verses SC-FDMA
2.14 Uplink LTE Physical Channels
2.15 Timing Relationships

Contents
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
2.17 Uplink Control Signaling
2.18 LTE Random Access Procedure
2.19 Uplink Power Control
2.20 Paging Procedures
2.21 HARQ Operation
2.22 Diversity Options

Contents
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
Uu Interface
eNB
UE
E-UTRA
1.4MHz, 3MHz,
5MHz, 10MHz,
15MHz, 20MHz
Uu
Contents
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
UE
PDN-GW
E-UTRAN EPC
MME
S-GW
eNB
S1-MME
S1-U
S5/S8
S11
Page82
LTE Control Plane and User Plane
NAS Control
Plane
RRC
Control
Plane
User
Plane
E-UTRA Protocols
eNB
UE
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RRC
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
NAS User - IP
Control Plane
User Plane
NAS Signaling
NAS Signaling
UE
eNB
MME
EMM (EPS Mobility
Management)
ESM (EPS Session
Management)
NAS EMM and ESM Procedures
EMM Procedures ESM Procedures
Attach Default EPS Bearer Context Activation
Detach Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Activation
Tracking Area Update EPS Bearer Context Modification
Service Request EPS Bearer Context Deactivation
Extended Service Request UE Requested PDN Connectivity
GUTI Reallocation UE Requested PDN Disconnect
Authentication UE Requested Bearer Resource Allocation
Identification UE Requested Bearer Resource Modification
Security Mode Control ESM Information Request
EMM Status ESM Status
EMM Information
NAS Transport
Paging

eNB
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RRC
NAS Signaling
System Information
PLMN and Cell Selection
Admission Control
Security Management
Cell Reselection
Measurement Reports
Handovers and Mobility
NAS Transport
Radio Resource Management
Page86
Radio Resource Control
eNB
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RRC
NAS Signaling
Control Plane
Encryption
Integrity Checking
User Plane
IP Header Compression
Encryption
Sequencing and Duplicate Detection
Page87
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Radio Link Control
eNB
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RRC
NAS Signaling
TM (Transparent Mode)
UM (Unacknowledged Mode)
AM (Acknowledged Mode)
Segmentation and Re-assembly
Concatenation
Error Correction
Medium Access Control
eNB
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RRC
NAS Signaling
Channel Mapping and Multiplexing
Error Correction - HARQ
QoS Based Scheduling
Physical Layer
eNB
RLC
MAC
PHY
PDCP
RRC
NAS Signaling
Error Detection
FEC Encoding/Decoding
Rate Matching
Mapping of Physical Channels
Power Weighting
Modulation and Demodulation
Frequency and Time Synchronization
Radio Measurements
MIMO Processing
Transmit Diversity
Beamforming
RF Processing
Contents
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
LTE Channels
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Physical
Channels
Radio
Channels
Logical Channels
RLC
MAC
PHY
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Physical
Channels
Radio
Channel
BCCH
eNB
UE
PCCH
System Information
Messages
Paging
Devices
Page94
Control Logical Channels
CCCH
eNB
UE
CCCH
DCCH
DCCH
SRB 0
SRB 0
SRB 1
SRB 2
Low Priority
NAS Signaling
Page95
CCCH and DCCH Signaling
Traffic Logical Channels
eNB
UE
DTCH DRB
Carries AM or UM
RLC Traffic
LTE Release 8 Transport Channels
BCH
eNB
UE
PCH
DL-SCH
RACH
UL-SCH
Downlink Physical Channels
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

Uplink Physical Channels
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
Radio Channels
eNB
UE
Radio
Channel
FDD
Radio
Channel
UE
TDD
Downlink Channel Mapping
DL-SCH
Physical Layer
MAC Layer
RLC Layer
PDCP Layer
RRC Layer
Physical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Logical
Channels
PDSCH PDCCH PHICH PCFICH PBCH
BCH PCH
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH
TM TM TM UM/AM UM/AM
Ciphering
Integrity
Ciphering
ROHC
RRC
ESM EMM IP NAS Layer
Uplink Channel Mapping
Physical Layer
MAC Layer
RLC Layer
PDCP Layer
RRC Layer
Physical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Logical
Channels
PUSCH PUCCH PRACH
RACH
CCCH
TM UM/AM UM/AM
Ciphering
Integrity
Ciphering
ROHC
RRC
ESM EMM IP NAS Layer
UL-SCH
DCCH DTCH
Contents
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
LTE Frame Structure
Slot (0.5ms)
Radio Frame T
f
= 307200 x T
s
= 10ms
Subframe (1ms)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
T
s
= 1/(15000x2048)
= 32.552083ns
T
slot
= 15360 x T
s
Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
7 OFDM
Symbols (Normal
Cyclic Prefix)
6 OFDM Symbols
(Extended Cyclic
Prefix)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5
CP (Cyclic
Prefix)
T
s
T
s
Downlink CP Parameters
Configuration CP Length (T
s
) Time Delay
Spread
Normal Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz 160 for slot 0 ~ 5.208s ~ 1.562km
144 for slot 1, 2, 6 ~ 4.688s ~ 1.406km
Extended Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz 512 for slot 0, 1, 5 ~16.67s ~ 5km
f = 7.5kHz 1024 for 0, 1, 2 ~ 33.33 s ~ 10km

Normal CP Configuration
0
OFDM Symbols (= 7 for Normal CP)
2 1 3 4 5 6
N
symb
DL
160 144 144 144 144 144 144 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048
Larger first CP when
Normal CP is configured
E.g. N
CP
= 144,
T
CP
= 144 x T
s
= 4.6875s
Type 2 TDD Radio Frame
Type 2 Radio Frame T
f
= 307200 x T
s
= 10ms
0
Special
Subframe
2 3 4 5 7 8 9
DwPTS (Downlink
Pilot Time Slot)
GP (Guard Period)
UpPTS (Uplink
Pilot Time Slot)
Type 2 Radio Frame Switching
Points
Configuration Switching
Point
Periodicity
Subframe Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5ms D S U U U D S U U D

Contents
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
Antenna
Ports
Page111
OFDM Signal Generation
Codewords
Scrambling
Scrambling
Modulation
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
Layer
Mapper
Precoding
Layers
Resource
Element
Mapper
Resource
Element
Mapper
OFDM
Signal
Generation
OFDM
Signal
Generation
Codeword, Layer and Antenna Port
Mapping
1 Layer 2 Layers 3 Layers 4 Layers
1 1 2 1
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4
2 2 2 2 1 1
Codeword
1, 2 or 4
Antenna
Ports
2 or 4
Antenna
Ports
4 Antenna
Ports
4 Antenna
Ports
Scrambling
Page113
eNB eNB
PRB PRB
F1
F1
Interference
No
Scrambling
PRB PRB
Less
Interference
Cell RNTI
specific
scrambling
Scrambling
cell
c
init
= n
RNTI
2
14
+ q 2
13
+ n
s
/ 2 2
9
+ N
ID For PDSCH
MSB LSB
Scrambling
Code
Fixed Bit Pattern
cell
c
init
= n
RNTI
2
14
+ n
s
/ 2 2
9
+ N
ID For PUSCH
Modulation Mapper
I
Q
1 -1
1
-1
0
1
I
Q
1 -1
1
-1
00
01
10
11
I
Q
1 3 -1 -3
1
3
-1
-3
0000 0010
0001 0011
0100 0110
0101 0111
1000
1001
1100
1101
1010
1011
1110
1111
BPSK QPSK 16QAM
64 QAM Modulation Mapper
I
Q
1 3 5 7 -1 -3 -5 -7
1
3
5
7
-1
-3
-5
-7
000011 000001 001001 001011
000010 000000 001000 001010
000110 000100 001100 001110
000111 000101 001101 001111
010011 010001 011001 011011
010010 010000 011000 011010
010110 010100 011100 011110
010111 010101 011101 011111
100011
100010
100110
100111
110011
110010
110110
110111
100001
100000
100100
100101
110001
110000
110100
110101
101001
101000
101100
101101
111001
111000
111100
111101
101011
101010
101110
101111
111011
111010
111110
111111
64QAM
Layer Mapper Configuration
Mapper Configuration Layers (v) Antenna Ports (P)
Single Antenna v=1 P=1
Transmit Diversity v=P P1 (2 or 4)
Spatial Multiplexing 1 v P P1 (2 or 4)

Single Antenna Layer Mapping
For transmission on a single antenna port, a single layer is
used,

and the mapping is defined by with:

Page118

) ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
i d i x =

1 = u
Spatial Multiplexing Layer Mapping
Page119
Number
of Layers
Number of
Codewords
Codeword to Layer Mapping 1 ,..., 1 , 0
layer
symb
= M i
1 1
) ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
i d i x =
) 0 (
symb
layer
symb
M M =
2 2
) ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
i d i x =
) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
i d i x =
) 1 (
symb
) 0 (
symb
layer
symb
M M M = =
2 1
) 1 2 ( ) (
) 2 ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
+ =
=
i d i x
i d i x

layer (0)
symb symb
2 M M =
3 2
) ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
i d i x =
) 1 2 ( ) (
) 2 ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ =
=
i d i x
i d i x

2
) 1 (
symb
) 0 (
symb
layer
symb
M M M = =
4 2
) 1 2 ( ) (
) 2 ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
+ =
=
i d i x
i d i x

) 1 2 ( ) (
) 2 ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 3 (
) 1 ( ) 2 (
+ =
=
i d i x
i d i x

2 2
) 1 (
symb
) 0 (
symb
layer
symb
M M M = =

Transmit Diversity Layer Mapping
Page120
Number
of
Layers
Number
of Code
words
Codeword to Layer Mapping 1 ,..., 1 , 0
layer
symb
= M i
2 1
) 1 2 ( ) (
) 2 ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
+ =
=
i d i x
i d i x

2
) 0 (
symb
layer
symb
M M =
4 1
) 3 4 ( ) (
) 2 4 ( ) (
) 1 4 ( ) (
) 4 ( ) (
) 0 ( ) 3 (
) 0 ( ) 2 (
) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) 0 (
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
i d i x
i d i x
i d i x
i d i x

( )
=
=
+
=
0 4 mod if
0 4 mod if
4 2
4
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
symb layer
symb
M
M
M
M
M
If
0 4 mod
) 0 (
symb
= M
two null symbols are
appended to
) 1 (
) 0 (
symb
) 0 (
M d

LTE Precoding Options
LTE Precoding
Single Antenna Port
Transmit Diversity
Precoding
CDD (Cyclic
Delay
Diversity
LTE Spatial Multiplexing
Precoding Concept
The precoder takes as input a block of vectors:

from the layer mapping and generates a block of vectors:

to be mapped onto resources on each of the antenna ports,
where represents the signal for antenna port .
Page122

| |
T
i x i x i x ) ( ... ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
=
u

1 ,..., 1 , 0
layer
symb
= M i

| |
T
p
i y i y ... ) ( ... ) (
) (
=

1 ,..., 1 , 0
ap
symb
= M i

) (
) (
i y
p
Precoding for Single Antenna Port
Page123

) ( ) (
) 0 ( ) (
i x i y
p
=
Precoding for Transmit Diversity
For two antenna ports the output

the precoding operation is defined by:
Page124

| |
T
i y i y i y ) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 0 (
=
{ } 1 , 0 e p

1 ,..., 1 , 0
ap
symb
= M i

( )
( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
) ( Im
) ( Im
) ( Re
) ( Re
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
2
1
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
i x
i x
i x
i x
j
j
j
j
i y
i y
i y
i y

1 ,..., 1 , 0
layer
symb
= M i

layer
symb
ap
symb
2M M =
Precoding for Spatial Multiplexing

Page125

(
(
(
=
(
(
(

) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
i x
i x
i W
i y
i y
P u

(
(
(
=
(
(
(

) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
i x
i x
U i D i W
i y
i y
P u

Without CDD

With CDD

Spatial Multiplexing Codebook for
Precoding - 2 Antenna Ports

Page126
Codebook Index Number of layers u
1 2
0

(
1
1
2
1

(
1 0
0 1
2
1

1
(
1
1
2
1

(
1 1
1 1
2
1

2
(
j
1
2
1

(
j j
1 1
2
1

3
(
j
1
2
1

-

OFDM Signal Generation
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) Ts
l CP
N t f k j
RB
sc
N
DL
RB
N
k
Ts
l CP
N t f k j
p
l k
RB
sc
N
DL
RB
N k
e a e a s
p
l k
t
p
l
,
2
2 /
1
,
2
,
1
2 /
,
A
+
(
(
(
=
A
=
- + - =

t t
Contents
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
OFDMA in LTE
Frequency
Channel
Bandwidth
E.g. 3MHz
Time
Device is allocated one
or more PRB (Physical
Resource Blocks)
PRB consists of 12
subcarriers for 0.5ms
OFDMA
Physical Resource Blocks and
Resource Elements
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 6 1
Slot 8 Slot 9
Subframe
N
RB
DL
N
S
C
R
B

S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s

=

1
2

Physical Resource
Block
Resource
Element
NSymb
DL
Downlink PRB Parameters
Configuration N
SC
RB
N
Symb
DL

Normal Cyclic Prefix f = 15kHz
12
7
Extended Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz 6
f = 7.5kHz 24 3

Contents
2.6 Downlink OFDMA
D
o
w
n
lin
k
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
iz
a
tio
n
S
ig
n
a
ls
eNB
UE
Page133
Downlink Cell ID
cell
(1) (2)
(1)
(2)
Where:
N
ID
= 3N
ID
+ N
ID
N
ID
= 0,..167
N
ID
= 0, 1, or 2
PSS and SSS Location for FDD
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bandwidth
0 1 2 3 4 5
Bandwidth
Normal CP
Extended CP
Radio Frame
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Repeated in
slots 0 and 10
72
Subcarriers
PSS (Primary
Synchronization
Sequence)
SSS (Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)
62
Subcarriers
PSS and SSS Location for TDD
Radio Frame
Slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Bandwidth
0 1 2 3 4 5
Bandwidth
Normal CP
Extended CP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5
Example of SSS Indices
N
( ) 1
ID

m
0
m
1

N
( ) 1
ID

m
0
m
1

N
( ) 1
ID

m
0
m
1

N
( ) 1
ID

m
0
m
1

N
( ) 1
ID

m
0
m
1

0 0 1 34 4 6 68 9 12 102 15 19 136 22 27
1 1 2 35 5 7 69 10 13 103 16 20 137 23 28
2 2 3 36 6 8 70 11 14 104 17 21 138 24 29
3 3 4 37 7 9 71 12 15 105 18 22 139 25 30
. . . . .
. . . . 167 2 9
33 3 5 67 8 11 101 14 18 135 21 26

SSS Scrambling
s
0
s
1
c
0
c
1
and z
1
Length 31 Sequence
Cyclic Shift based on
N
ID
(1)
s
0
s
1
c
1
and z
1
c
0
(m
0
) (m
1
)
(m
0
)
(m
1
) (m
0
)
(m
1
)
Scrambling sequence c
0

and c
1
based on N
ID
(2)
Scrambling
sequence z
Subframe 0 Subframe 5
62 interleaved
bits
Contents

Downlink Reference Signals
Cell Specific (non-MBSFN)
MBSFN (MBMS service over Single Frequency Network)
UE Specific
Cell Specific Reference Signals
One Antenna Port
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 0
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 0
R
R
Normal CP Extended CP
Cell ID Offset
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Physical Cell ID = 0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Physical Cell ID = 8
RS position is
based on Physical
Cell ID (Physical
Cell ID mod 6)
eNB eNB
Two Antenna Port Configuration
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R
RS symbol for antenna port 0
R
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1
Four Antenna Port Configuration
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
x R
x
R
x
R
R
x
R
x
x
R
x
R
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x R
R
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Extended CP
15kHz
Slot
Subframe
R R
R
R R
R
R R
R
Extended CP
7.5kHz
Subframe
R R
R
R R
R
R R
R
R
R
Page144
MBFSN Reference Signals
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 5
R
R
R
R
R
R
Antenna Port 5
R
R
R
R
R
R
Normal CP Extended CP
Page145
UE Specific Reference Signals
Contents

PBCH (Physical Broadcast
Channel)
B
C
C
H
(B
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
In
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
)
eNB
UE
MIB
CRC
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
10ms Frame
Page148
MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and
Normal CP)
S
y
s
t
e
m

B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
PBCH
CFICH (Physical Control Format
Indicator Channel) - CFI Mapping
CFI Value Number of OFDM Symbols Assigned to DPCCH
N >
DL
RB
10 N s
DL
RB
10
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4

CFI to PCFICH Mapping
CFI
Channel Coding
(Block1/16)
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
N
RB
DL
k
k = (N
sc
/2)(N
ID
mod 2N
RB
)

k = k
k = k + N
RB
)/2 N
sc
/2
k = k + 2N
RB
)/2 N
sc
/2
k = k + 3N
RB
)/2 N
sc
/2
RB
DL
DL RB
DL
DL
RB
RB
Cell
OFDM Symbols
allocated to
PDCCH

PCFICH
Reserved RSs
CFI Codewords
CFI CFI Codeword < b
0
, b
1
, , b
31
>
1 <0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1>
2 <1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0>
3 <1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1>
4 (Reserved) <0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0>

PDCCH (Physical Downlink
Control Channel)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frame - 10ms
5
M
H
z

(
2
5

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

B
l
o
c
k
s
)
Downlink
Control
Region
REG to CCE and PDCCH Mapping
PDCCH PDCCH PDCCH
1, 2, 4 or
8 CCEs
CCE (9 x REG)
REG
Resource Element
PDCCH to Control Region
Mapping
PDCCH #0 PDCCH #N
REG
Interleaving and Cyclic
Shift based on N
ID
REG
cell
0
0
x 0 R
0
1
R 1 x
1
1
x 2 R
2
2
R 2 x
x R
R x
x R
R x
3 4
3 4
x 4 R
3 4
5
R 5 x
6 5
6 5
x 7 R
6 7
6 7
R 7 x
x R
R x
x R
R x
3
R
B
R
B
PCFICH
PHICH
CCE Allocation Levels
1 CCE Level
2 CCE Level
4 CCE Level
8 CCE Level
Utilization
Search Spaces
0 1 2 3 4 5 9 7 6 8
Common Search Space UE-specific Search Space
1 - CCE
2 - CCE
4 - CCE
8 - CCE
CCE
Candidate
Aggregation Set
for Common
Control
Candidate
Aggregation Set
for UE-specific
Control
PHICH (Physical Hybrid Indicator
Channel)
Frame Structure Type 1
Frame Structure Type 2 (TDD)
PHICH Mapping

PHICH
Mapping
Equation
PCFICH
ACK/
NACK
Repetition 1/3
Modulation
Orthogonal Sequence
Scrambling
Layer Mapping
Precoding
DL
group
N
PHICH
DL
N
g
(N
RB
/8)
2
For normal CP
For extended CP
Where: N
g
= 1/6, , 1 or 2
Group 0
Up to eight
ACK/NACK per
PHICH Group
Extended PHICH Example
Subframe
5
M
H
z

(
2
5

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

B
l
o
c
k
s
)
Extended
PHICH
Normal
PHICH
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared
Channel)
x
R
x
R
x R
R x
x R
R x
x
R
x
R x
x R
R x
x R
R x
R
x
R
x
R
x
R
PDSCH
Symbol
Mapping
PDSCH
Symbols
Subframe
Reserved for
Control
Contents

Downlink Control Signaling
DCI Format Usage
0 Scheduling of PUSCH
1 Scheduling of one PDSCH codeword
1A Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword and random access
procedure initiated by a PDCCH order
1B Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding
information (Rank-1 transmission)
1C Very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword
1D Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding and
power offset information (multi-user MIMO)
2 Scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in closed-loop spatial
multiplexing MIMO
2A Scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in open-loop spatial
multiplexing MIMO
3 Transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustments
3A Transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 1-bit power adjustments

DCI Format 0
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value
0 indicates format 0 and value 1 indicates format 1A.
Hopping flag.
Resource block assignment and hopping resource
allocation.
Modulation and coding scheme and redundancy version.
New data indicator.
TPC command for scheduled PUSCH.

DCI Format 0 (cont.)
Cyclic shift for DM RS.
UL index - This field is present only for TDD operation with
uplink-downlink configuration 0.
DAI (Downlink Assignment Index) - This field is present only
for TDD operation with uplink-downlink configurations 1-6.
CQI Request.
DCI Format 1
Resource allocation header (resource allocation type 0 /
type 1).
Resource block assignment.
Modulation and coding scheme.
HARQ process number.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
DCI Format 1 (cont.)
TPC command for PUCCH.
Downlink Assignment Index - This field is present in TDD.
Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits
12, 14, 16 ,20, 24, 26, 32, 40, 44, 56

DCI Format 1A
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag - This is 1 bit
and set to 0.
Resource block assignment - all bits are set to 1.
Preamble Index.
PRACH Mask Index.
All the remaining bits are set to zero.
DCI Format 1A -
Compact Scheduling
Localized/distributed VRB (Virtual Resource Block)
assignment flag.
Resource block assignment (localized VRB /distributed
VRB).
New data indicator.
DCI Format 1A -
Compact Scheduling (cont.)
Redundancy version.
Downlink Assignment Index - This is present in TDD and is
applicable to TDD configurations 1-6.
DCI Format 1B
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag
Resource block assignment - different for localized and
distributed VRB.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.

DCI Format 1B (cont.)
TPMI information for precoding - The TPMI (Transmitted
Precoding Matrix Indicator) information indicates which
codebook index is used corresponding to the single-layer
transmission.

DCI Format 1B (cont.)
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) confirmation for precoding
- This indicates whether precoding is based on the indicated
TPMI or on the latest PMI report sent on the PUSCH.
DCI Format 1C
Gap value - This indicates if or is to be utilized.
Transport block size index.
DCI Format 1D
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag.
HARQ process number - the size of this varies depending
on FDD or TDD mode.
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
DCI Format 1D (cont.)
TPMI information for precoding
Downlink power offset - This is required for multi-user MIMO
scheduling in the downlink.
DCI Format 2
Resource allocation header - This indicates resource
allocation type 0 or type 1.
Resource block assignment - This is for type 0 or 1
information.
TPC command for PUCCH
on FDD or TDD mode.
DCI Format 2
Transport block to codeword swap flag - This determines
the transport block to codeword mapping. However, if one of
the transport blocks is disabled the mapping is different.
For the first Transport Block:
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.

DCI Format 2
For the second Transport Block:
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
Precoding information - This is either 3bits or 6bits
depending on the number of antenna ports.
DCI Format 2A
One codeword: Codeword 0 enabled,
Codeword 1 disabled
Two codewords: Codeword 0 enabled,
Codeword 1 enabled
Bit field
mapped to
index
Message Bit field
mapped
to index
Message
0 4 layers: Transmit diversity 0 2 layers: precoder cycling with
large delay CDD
1 2 layers: precoder cycling
with large delay CDD
1 3 layers: precoder cycling with
large delay CDD
2 Reserved 2 4 layers: precoder cycling with
large delay CDD
3 Reserved 3 Reserved

DCI Format 3
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,,
TPC command number N, where:

(
=
2
0 format
L
N
DCI Format 3A
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,,
TPC command number M - where

and where:

is equal to the payload size of format 0 before CRC
attachment.

0 format
L M =

0 format
L
Contents

PLMN/Cell
Selection
Downlink Synchronization
Complete
Page183
Initial Procedures
Power On Cell Search
RACH
Process
Uplink Synchronization
Complete
Cell Search
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frame - 10ms
5MHz (25
Resource
Blocks)
PSS
SSS
PBCH
Physical Cell Identities
eNB
eNB
eNB
PSS - One of 3 Identities
SSS - One of 168
Group Identities
504 Unique Cell
Identities
PSS Correlation
Subframe
Correlation
PSS
0
PSS
1
PSS
2
SSS Correlation
Subframe
SSS
SSS
Cyclic Shift based
on Cell ID and
Subframe (0 or 5)
Device can
identify Cell ID
and frame timing
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N
RB
Frame
Page188
SI Messages - PBCH and the
Master Information Block
MIB (Master Information Block)
DL-Bandwidth (6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100)
PHICH Configuration (Ng and Normal/Extended)
System Frame Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N
RB
Frame
Page189
SI Block Type 1
Repetitions are scheduled in subframe #5 of all
other radio frames for which SFN mod 2 = 0
SIB1 (System Information Block Type 1)
PLMN Identity List
Tracking Area Code
E-CGI (Evolved Cell Global Identity)
Cell Barred Indication
Intra Frequency Reselection
CSG Indication
CSG Identity
Qrxlevminoffset
P-Max
Frequency Band Indicator
Scheduling Info List
SIB Window Length (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40ms)
System Info Value Tag
SI Block Type 1
PLMN Identity List - This is a list of PLMN identities. The
first listed PLMN-Identity is the primary PLMN.
Tracking Area Code - This is a TAC (Tracking Area Code)
that is common for all the PLMNs listed.
Cell Barred Indication.
Intra Frequency Reselection - This is used to control cell
reselection to intra-frequency cells when the highest ranked
cell is barred, or treated as barred by the UE
SI Block Type 1 (cont.)
CSG Indication - if set to TRUE, the UE CSG (Closed
Subscriber Group) identity needs to match.
CSG Identity - This is the identity of the Closed Subscriber
Group within the primary PLMN the cell belongs to.
Qrxlevminoffset - This affects the minimum required Rx
level in the cell.
P-Max - This is part of the cell selection process.
Frequency Band Indicator
SI Block Type 1 (cont.)
SI Periodicity Mapping Information - This denotes a value in
radio frames: rf8, rf16, rf32, rf64, rf128, rf256, rf512 and is
used to calculate the occurrence of messages
SIB Window Length - This is a common SI scheduling
window for all SIB and indicates 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 40ms.
System Info Value Tag - Common for all SIBs other than
MIB, SIB1, SIB10 and SIB11.

Example of SI Mapping
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 8
.
SI-Window=5ms
Scheduling Info List
- SI1 {rf8, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5}
- SI2 {rf16, SIB6, SIB7, SIB8, SIB9}
SI1 {rf8, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5}
SI2 {rf16, SIB6, SIB7, SIB8, SIB9}
SFN
SI Block Type 2
Access Class Information
Uplink Carrier Frequency
UL Bandwidth
MBSFN Configuration Information
SI Block Type 3
Cell Reselection Information
Q-Hyst
Speed State Reselection Parameters
Q-Hyst Speed SF (Scaling Factor)
Treselection EUTRA
Treselection EUTRA SF
S Intra Search
Cell Reselection Serving Freq Info
S-Non-Intra Search Info
Threshold Serving Low Value
Intra Freq Cell Reselection Info
p-Max
Allowed Measurement Bandwidth
SI Block Type 4
Intra Freq Neighbour Cell List
q-OffsetCell
Intra Freq Black Cell List
CSG Physical Cell Id Range
SI Block Type 5
Inter Frequency Carrier Freq List
Inter Frequency Carrier Freq Info
Inter Frequency Neighbour Cell List
Inter Frequency Neighbour Cell Info
Inter Frequency Black Cell List
Inter Frequency Black Cell Info
SI Block Type 6
Carrier Frequency List UTRA
UTRA Reselection Information
SI Block Type 7
Carrier Frequency List GERAN
GERAN Reselection Information
SI Block Type 8
CDMA2000 Information
SI Block Type 9
Home eNB Name
PLMN Selection
PLMN selection
may be initiated
automatically or
manually
eNB may contain
upto 6 PLMN
Identities
3G Visited
PLMN
LTE Visited
PLMN
LTE Home
PLMN
eNB
eNB
Node B
UE
Cell Selection
UE
eNB
eNB
eNB
Q
rxlevmeas
Q
rxlevmeas
Q
rxlevmeas
S
rxlev
> 0

S
rxlev
= Q
rxlevmeas
- (Q
rxlevmin
+ Q
rxlevminoffset
) - P
compensation
Cell Selection Parameters
Parameter Description
Srxlev Cell Selection RX level value (dB).
Qrxlevmeas Measured cell RX level value (RSRP),
where RSRP is defined as the linear average
over the power contributions of the resource
elements that carry cell specific reference
signals within the considered measurement
frequency bandwidth.
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level in the cell
(dBm).
Qrxlevminoffset Offset to the signaled Qrxlevmin taken into
account in the Srxlev evaluation as a result
of a periodic search for a higher priority
PLMN while camped normally in a visited
PLMN.
Pcompensation max (P
EMAX
- P
UMAX
, 0), where P
EMAX
is the
maximum allowed power configured by
higher layers.
P
UMAX
RF output power of the UE (dBm) according
to the UE power class (this may vary
depending on allowed tolerances).

Contents

Time Domain
CP
Insertion
Subcarrier
Mapping
Frequency Domain
Page206
SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping
Concept
DFT
Symbols
Time Domain
IDFT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SC-FDMA Signal Generation
DFT
N symbols sequence
produces N subcarriers
Different input sequence
produces different output
First N Symbols
DFT Output
Modulated and
Coded Symbols
DFT
Second N Symbols
SC-FDMA and the eNB
N Subcarriers
Time
Power
Cyclic
Prefix
IDFT
IDFT
First N Symbols
Second N Symbols
SC-FDMA Signal Generation
Equation
( )
( ) ( )

(

=
A +
=

1 2 /
2 /
2 1 2
,
RB
sc
UL
RB
RB
sc
UL
RB
s , CP
) (
N N
N N k
T N t f k j
l k
l
l
e a t s
t
Contents

SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA
Feature SC-FDMA OFDMA
Low PAPR Y X
Performance X Y
Uplink MIMO X Y

Contents

Uplink LTE Physical Channels
PRACH PUSCH PUCCH
PRACH (Physical Random Access
Channel)
Sequence CP
T
CP
T
SEQ
Guard Period
Preamble
PRACH Guard Period
Sequence CP
eNB
UE - A
Sequence CP
UE - B
UE - A
UE - B
eNB Access Window
UE B delay
due to distance
Random Access Preamble
Parameters
Preamble
Format
Allocated
Subframes
T
SEQ
(Ts)

T
CP
(Ts)

T
CP
(s)

T
GT

(Ts)
T
GT

(s)
Max.
Delay
Spread
(s)
Max Cell
Radius
(km)
0 1 24576 3168 103.125 2976 96.875 5.208 14.531
1 2 24576 21024 684.375 15840 515.625 16.666 77.344
2 2 49152 6240 203.125 6048 196.875 5.208 29.531
3 3 49152 21024 684.375 21984 715.625 16.666 102.65
4 (TDD) Special
Frame
4096 448 14.583 576 18.75 16.666 4.375

PRACH FDD Formats
Format 0
Format 1
Format 2
CP Zadoff Chu Sequence
6
PRB
Subframe 1ms Subframe 1ms
Format 3
C
P
Subframe
0
Subframe
1
Subframe
2
RB 24
RB 0
ZC
Page218
PRACH Configuration
839
Subcarriers
1.25kHz
(6RBs)
PRACH Frequency
Offset (0 to 104
Resource Blocks)
PRACH Configuration Index
PRACH
Configuration
Index
Preamble
Format
System
Frame
Number
Subframe
Number
0 0 Even 1
1 0 Even 4
2 0 Even 7
3 0 Any 1
4 0 Any 4
5 0 Any 7
6 0 Any 1, 6
7 0 Any 2 ,7
8 0 Any 3, 8
9 0 Any 1, 4, 7
10 0 Any 2, 5, 8
11 0 Any 3, 6, 9
12 0 Any 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
13 0 Any 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
14 0 Any 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
15 0 Even 9
. . . .
. . . .
63 3 Even 9

PRACH Configuration and
Preamble Sequences per Cell
eNB
Cell has 64
Preamble
Sequences
PRACH-Configuration
Root Sequence Index (0 to 837)
PRACH Configuration Index (0 to 63)
High Speed Flag
Zero Correlation Zone Configuration (0 to 15)
PRACH Frequency Offset (0 to 104)
Constant amplitude
Autocorrelation
Cross correlation
Subframe
Page221
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared
Channel)
PUSCH
Symbols
PDSCH
Symbol
Mapping
Reference
Signals
Multiplexing Control Signaling
Subframe
PUSCH Data
PUSCH Reference Signals
CQI/PMI
ACK/NACK
RI (Rank)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control
Channel)
Subframe
Control Region 0
Control Region 1
U
p
l
i
n
k

C
a
r
r
i
e
r

B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Slot n Slot n+1
PRB=0
PRB=n
Control Region 2
Contents

FDD Timing
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
4 Subframe Delay
F
D
D
: K
=
4
PDCCH
PUSCH
Downlink
Uplink
K Values for TDD Configurations
TDD UL/DL
Configuration
K value for DL Subframe Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 4* 6* 4* 6*
1 6 4 6 4
2 4 4
3 4 4 4
4 4 4
5 4
6 7 7 7 7 5

Example of TDD Configuration 2
K=4 Subframe Delay
0
Special
Subframe
2 3 4 5 7 8 9
Switch to
Uplink
TDD Configuration 2
(DSUDDDSUDD)
Switch to
Downlink
Contents
2.21 HARQ Operation

Uplink Reference Signals
DRS (Demodulation
Reference Signal)
SRS (Sounding
Reference Signal)
Demodulation Reference Signal
Sequence length - This is part of the uplink allocation.
Sequence Groups (0-29) - This is cell specific.
Sequence - Each group contains one sequence for each
length up to 5 PRB, and two sequences for each length
from 6PRB.
12 Cyclic Shift options.
DRS Sequence Group Selection
Sequence Group Selection
Fixed Group Group Hopping
PUSCH DRS
Slot Slot
Subframe
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
1
2

S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
LTE DRS (Demodulation
Reference Signals) transmitted
across all subcarriers assigned
to a UE
PUSCH DRS (Extended CP)
Slot Slot
Subframe
1
2

S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Extended CP
DRS Location
Requirement for SRS
eNB
Subframe
5
M
H
z

(
2
5

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

B
l
o
c
k
s
)
Assigned
Resources
UE
Subframe
No Channel
Information
No Channel
Information
SRS Frequency Hopping
eNB
Subframe
5
M
H
z

(
2
5

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

B
l
o
c
k
s
)
UE
0 1 2 3 4
SRS
SRS Allocation
Subframe
1
2

S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
SRS Symbol
UE 1 and 2 (Using
different cyclic
shifts)
UE 3 and 4 (Using
different cyclic
shifts)
Contents
2.21 HARQ Operation

PUCCH Formats
PUCCH
Format
Description Modulation
Type
Bits per
subframe
1 Scheduling Request N/A N/A
1a ACK/NACK BPSK 1
ACK/NACK+SR
1b ACK/NACK QPSK 2
ACK/NACK+SR
2 CQI/PMI or RI QPSK 20
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(Extended CP only)
2a (CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+BPSK 21
2b (CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+QPSK 22

PUCCH Format 1
Information is carried by the presence/absence of
transmission of PUCCH from the UE.
UE is assigned a resource index which indicates a resource
every n
th
frame that can be used to transmit a SR
(Scheduling Request).
The size of PUCCH format 1 is 0bits
PUCCH Format 1a and 1b
UL RS UL RS UL RS
1 or 2 bit ACK/NACK
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
W
0
W
1
W
2
W
3
Length 4 Sequence
Slot
BPSK/QPSK
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
To Next
Slot
PUCCH Format 2 (Normal CP)
IFFT IFFT IFFT
Slot (Normal CP)
IFFT IFFT
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
To Next
Slot
No Orthogonal
Code Applied
CQI/PMI or RI
IFFT IFFT IFFT
Slot (Extended CP)
IFFT IFFT
CQI/PMI or RI + ACK/NACK
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
To Next
Slot
Page242
PUCCH Format 2 (Extended CP)
ACK/NACK Coding
They are bit scrambled by a UE specific scrambling
sequence.
The initialization of the scrambling sequence generator is
the same as that of the PUSCH.
BPSK (2a) or QPSK (2b) modulation for the 2nd RS symbol
in each slot is used. This carries ACK/NACK.
Format 2a: QPSK CQI + BPSK ACK/NACK
Format 2b: QPSK CQI + QPSK ACK/NACK

ACK/NACK Coding (cont.)
2
nd
RS
Slot (Normal CP)
IFFT
1
st
RS
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
1 or 2 bit
ACK/NACK
To Next
Slot
Contents
2.21 HARQ Operation

Send
Preamble
Page246
LTE Random Access Procedure
Identify RACH
Preambles
Identify
PRACH
Format
Receive
Response
No
Decode
Response
Yes
Send RRC
Connection
Request
MAC
Connection
Resolution
SRB
Established
Random Access RRC Signaling
Procedure
UE
eNB
PRACH Preamble Sequence
RACH
MAC Scheduling Grant
RRC Connection Request
UL-SCH
RRC Connection Setup Complete
UL-SCH
Signalling Radio Bearer
(RRC Connected)
RRC Connection Setup
DL-SCH
MAC
Contention
Resolution
Scheduled Message
E.g. RRC Connection
Request
PRACH PRACH PRACH PDCCH
DL-SCH
PUSCH
Noise/
Interference
Page248
PRACH Probing
PRACH
Power
Control
eNB indicates the
preamble/ZC sequence
was received and
includes initial UL grant
Parameters for Random Access
Parameter Description
PRACH-ConfigInfo This contains: prach-ConfigIndex, highSpeedFlag,
zeroCorrelationZoneConfig and prach-FreqOffset
ra-ResponseWindowSize Random access response window size in subframes
(sf2, sf3, sf4, sf5, sf6, sf7, sf8 or sf10)
powerRampingStep Power ramping factor (dB0, dB2,dB4 or dB6)
preambleTransMax Maximum number of preamble transmission (n3, n4,
n5, n6, n7, n8, n10, n20, n50, n100 or n200)
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower Initial preamble power (-120, -118, -116, -114, -112,
-110, -108, -106, -104, -102, -100, -98, -96, -94, -92
or -90 dBm)
DELTA_PREAMBLE Preamble format based offset
maxHARQ-Msg3Tx Maximum number of Msg3 HARQ transmissions (1
to 8)
mac-ContentionResolutionTimer Contention Resolution Timer (sf8, sf16, sf24, sf32,
sf40, sf48, sf56 or sf64)
numberOfRA-Preambles Number of preambles used (n4, n8, n12, n16 ,n20,
n24, n28, n32, n36, n40, n44, n48, n52, n56, n60 or
n64)
sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA Number of preambles assigned to group A (n4, n8,
n12, n16 ,n20, n24, n28, n32, n36, n40, n44, n48,
n52, n56 or n60)
messagePowerOffsetGroupB Part of the power equation to identify which group
to use (minusinfinity, dB0, dB5, dB8, dB10, dB12,
dB15, or dB18)
messageSizeGroupA Part of the size equation to identify which group to
use (b56, b144, b208, b256},
ra-PreambleIndex The preamble to use as parted of dedicated
configuration (0 to 63)
ra-PRACH-MaskIndex The resource to use as parted of dedicated
configuration (0 to 15)

Allocation of Preamble Groups
eNB
UE
numberOfRA-Preambles
0 1 2 3 4 63
sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA
0 1 2 3 4
Preambles Group B
is used dependent
on messages size
and pathloss
Random Access Response
Window
eNB
Subframes
UE
Random
Access
sf2, sf3, sf4, sf5,
sf6, sf7, sf8, sf10
RA Response
Window Size
+3 Subframes
MAC Random Access Response
UE
eNB
PRACH Preamble Sequence
MAC Scheduling Grant
RAPID (Random Access Preamble ID)
TA
UL Grant
Temporary C-RNTI
Uplink Transmission
eNB
n
Subframes
UE
Random
Access
RA
Response
Window
RAPID
Response
+3 n+k
1
(k
1
6)
Assigned
UL-SCH
MAC Contention Resolution
UE
eNB
Includes UE
Identity
RRC Connection Request
UL-SCH
MAC Responds
with UE Identity
MAC Contention Resolution
Contents
2.21 HARQ Operation

Uplink Power Control
eNB
UE
Uplink Power Control
PUSCH
PUCCH
PRACH
SRS
PUSCH Power Control:

PUCCH Power Control:

PRACH Power Control:
P
PRACH
= min{ , PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER + PL}
dBm

Page257
Power Control Calculations

)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ( log 10 , min{ ) (
TF O_PUSCH PUSCH 10 CMAX PUSCH
i f i PL j j P i M P i P + A + + + = o

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } i g F n n h PL P P i P
HARQ CQI
+ A + + + =
F_PUCCH 0_PUCCH CMAX PUCCH
, , min
CMAX
P
Contents
2.21 HARQ Operation

Paging Issues
eNB
Subframes
UE
Decoding every subframe would
impact battery performance
Paging Message
for this UE
DRX Reception of Paging
eNB
Subframes
UE
DRX improves battery
performance
Buffered in eNB
Paging Message
for this UE
Paging Frame
FDD Subframe Patterns
Ns PO when
i_s=0
PO when
i_s=1
PO when
i_s=2
PO when
i_s=3
1 9 N/A N/A N/A
2 4 9 N/A N/A
4 0 4 5 9

Paging Frame
TDD Subframe Patterns
Ns PO when
i_s=0
PO when
i_s=1
PO when
i_s=2
PO when
i_s=3
0 0 N/A N/A N/A
2 0 5 N/A N/A
4 0 1 5 6

Contents
2.21 HARQ Operation

ARQ vs. HARQ
ARQ
Implemented at RLC Layer
Slow Retransmission
Not optimized for Radio Interference
HARQ
Not New used in HSPA and HSPA+
Implemented at MAC and PHY Layers
Fast Retransmission
Optimized for Radio Interference
Improved system efficiency
eNB
UE
Basic Concepts of SAW
eNB
1 2
ACK
UE
SAW (Stop
and Wait)
What is sent here?
UE acknowledges and next
transmission can be sent
HARQ Parallel Processes
eNB
1 2
UE
3 4 7 8 5 6 1 2 3 4 7 8 5 6 1 2 3
A A A A A A A A A N A A A A A
HARQ with 8
parallel processes
New
data
Retransmission
HARQ Methods
Chase
Combing
Incremental
Redundancy
Redundancy Versions and Soft
Bits
Original Data

1/3 Rate Turbo Coding

1
st
TX
2
nd
TX
R
eff.
= 4/5
R
eff.
= 4/5
Rate Matching
Redundancy
Version

IR Buffer Size = 10bits
R
eff.
=4/5
R
eff.
=2/5
NACK
ACK
HARQ in LTE
FDD HARQ Processes
eNB
UE
8 HARQ Processes
8 HARQ Processes - Normal Scheduling
4 HARQ Processes - Subframe Bundling Scheduling
HARQ in LTE
TDD HARQ Processes
TDD UL/DL Configuration Maximum Number of HARQ Processes
0 4
1 7
2 10
3 9
4 12
5 15

HARQ in the Downlink
Asynchronous adaptive HARQ.
Uplink ACK/NAKs in response to downlink (re)transmissions
are sent on PUCCH or PUSCH.
PDCCH signals the HARQ process number and if it is a
transmission or retransmission.
Retransmissions are always scheduled through PDCCH.
HARQ in the Uplink
Synchronous HARQ.
Maximum number of retransmissions configured per UE (as
opposed to per Radio Bearer).
Downlink ACK/NAKs in response to uplink (re)transmissions
are sent on PHICH.
Uplink HARQ Operation
HARQ
feedback seen
by the UE
PDCCH seen by
the UE
UE behaviour
ACK or NACK New Transmission New transmission according to PDCCH
ACK or NACK Retransmission Retransmission according to PDCCH
(adaptive retransmission)
ACK None No (re)transmission, keep data in HARQ
buffer and a PDCCH is required to resume
retransmissions
NACK None Non-adaptive retransmission

Downlink ACK NACK Timing
Page274
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
F
D
D
: K
=
4
PDCCH+PDPSCH
Data
ACK on PUCCH
or PUSCH
Downlink
Uplink
Uplink ACK NACK Timing
Page275
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
Subframe
3
Subframe
4
Subframe
5
Subframe
6
Subframe
7
Subframe
8
F
D
D
:

K
=
4
PHICH
PUSCH
Downlink
Uplink
Contents
2.21 HARQ Operation

SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO
MU-MIMO
eNB
UE
Increases capacity since a
single user benefits from
multiple data streams.
eNB
UE
UE
Increases sector
capacity by allowing
users to share streams.
Transmission Modes
Mode 1 - Single-Antenna transmission, port 0, no MIMO.
Mode 2 - Transmit diversity.
Mode 3 - Transmit diversity or with Large Delays CDD is
used.
Mode 4 - Transmit diversity or Closed-loop spatial
multiplexing.
Mode 5 - Transmit diversity or multi user MIMO (more than
one UE is assigned to the same resource block).
Mode 6 - Transmit diversity or closed loop precoding for
rank=1 (i.e. no spatial multiplexing, but precoding is used).
Mode 7 - Single-antenna port, port 5 (beamforming).
Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
eNB
UE
Port 0
Port 1
TB
TB
MIMO
TB
TB
2x2 SM (Spatial
Multiplexing)
Spatial Multiplexing Interference
Issues
eNB
UE
Port 0
Port 1
TB
TB
MIMO
TB
TB
Interference
causes twice
as may errors
Interference
MIMO Single Stream
eNB
UE
Port 0
Port 1
MIMO TB
Interference
TB
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
Form of
STC
TB Still
Recoverable
Increased
Robustness
Adaptive MIMO Switching
Other
Methods
Spatial
Multiplexing
High SNR Low SNR
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

UE
eNB
AMS Point
Spatial Multiplexing in LTE
PDSCH Processing
Antenna
Ports
Codewords
Scrambling
Scrambling
Modulation
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
Layer
Mapper
Precoding
Layers
Resource
Element
Mapper
Resource
Element
Mapper
OFDM
Signal
Generation
OFDM
Signal
Generation
Codebook Based Precoding
Codebook Index Number of Layers
1 2
0
(
1
1
2
1

(
1 0
0 1
2
1

1
(
1
1
2
1

(
1 1
1 1
2
1

2
(
j
1
2
1

(
j j
1 1
2
1

3
(
j
1
2
1

-

Feedback Reporting
CQI PMI RI
4bit CQI Table
CQI Index Modulation Code Rate x 1024 Efficiency
0 out of range
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547

Questions
Which protocol performs air interface ciphering and integrity?
a. PDCP.
b. RLC.
c. MAC.
d. PHY.
Questions
True / False. All System Information messages are
transferred on the BCH.
Questions
How many symbols are there in a slot when a normal CP is
used?
a. 5.
b. 6.
c. 7.
d. 8.
Questions
What is the maximum number of codewords that LTE can
use?
a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.
Questions
How many symbols are in a slot when operating with a
normal CP?
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
Questions
How many physical cell identities are there?
a. 168
b. 256
c. 504
d. 512
Questions
How many REG make up a CCE?
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
Questions
Which DCI Format is used to allocate uplink resources?
a. DCI Format 0
b. DCI Format 1
c. DCI Format 1a
d. DCI Format 1b
Questions
What is the TTI for the MIB?
a. 1ms
b. 10ms
c. 40ms
d. 80ms
Questions
How many PRACH sequences are on each cell?
a. 64
b. 128
c. 256
d. 512
Questions
How many HARQ processes are used in the downlink?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
Contents

Contents
3.1 Scheduling Principles and Signaling
3.2 Scheduler Interaction
3.3 Dynamic and Semi Persistent Scheduling

Contents

IP Scheduling
eNB
BTS
Node B
Historically voice is
delivered on dedicated
channels
Services including
voice are packetized
LTE is purely
IP based
Basic Scheduling in a Cell
eNB
A C B
Users
Ideal Resource (based
on QoS) for this
subframe (1ms TTI)
Available Cell
Resources
Time
Loading and scheduling
issues need managing
QoS in Packet Switched Networks
Packet Schedulers and Classifiers
VoIP
FTP
Packet
Classifier
Packet
Scheduler
B FTP
A VoIP
B FTP
A VoIP
x5
X2
eNB
UE
UE
PDN-GW
MME
S-GW
EPC E-UTRAN
Key Factors Influencing Scheduling
eNB
Neighbor Cell
Interference
eNB
Scheduling
Mode
UE
Feedback
e.g. CQI
UE
Retransmissions
UE
UE Category
Uplink
Interference
Buffer
Status
Guaranteed
Bearers
eNB
Configuration
Bandwidth
Configuration
Scheduling Methods
Minimum throughput
demands for
guaranteed service in
order of priority
Maximum throughput
demands (various
methods)
Proportional Fair
MAX C/I
Biased
DCI Format 2
Resource allocation header - This indicates resource
allocation type 0 or type 1.
Resource block assignment - This is for type 0 or 1
information.
TPC command for PUCCH
on FDD or TDD mode.
DCI Format 2
Transport block to codeword swap flag - This determines
the transport block to codeword mapping. However, if one of
the transport blocks is disabled the mapping is different.
For the first Transport Block:
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.

DCI Format 2
For the second Transport Block:
New data indicator.
Redundancy version.
Precoding information - This is either 3bits or 6bits
depending on the number of antenna ports.
PDSCH Resource Allocation -
Type 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P P P
Type 0
1 Bit
Type 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P
P
P
P
P
P
Subset 0
Subset p
Type 1
p Bits
Type 2
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
10 11 12
14 13
9
11
RIV
Modulation and TBS Index for
PDSCH
MCS
Index
MCS
I
Modulation
Order
m
Q
TBS
Index
TBS
I
MCS
Index
MCS
I
Modulation
Order
m
Q
TBS
Index
TBS
I
0 2 0 16 4 15
1 2 1 17 6 15
2 2 2 18 6 16
3 2 3 19 6 17
4 2 4 20 6 18
5 2 5 21 6 19
6 2 6 22 6 20
7 2 7 23 6 21
8 2 8 24 6 22
9 2 9 25 6 23
10 4 9 26 6 24
11 4 10 27 6 25
12 4 11 28 6 26
13 4 12 29 2 Reserved
14 4 13 30 4
15 4 14 31 6

5
M
H
z

(
2
5

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

B
l
o
c
k
s
)
TBS
size
Physical Bits
RV
1/3 Rate coding
Punctured
Page313
Using the TBS Size
Local and Distributed
VRB (Virtual Resource
Block) Options
Scheduled
5RB (MIMO SM)
16QAM
TBS(s) Size
RV
Contents

Scheduler Interaction
Scheduler
Layer 3 RRM
Manager
HARQ
Layer 2
Layer 1
Link
Adaptation
Dynamic
Allocation
UE
MAC
Layer 1 Reports + UCI + SRS
Layer 2 RRM Manager
Buffer Status
Layer 3
Layer 2
Questions
Which entity performs the allocation and scheduling of the
air interface resources?
a. UE.
b. eNB.
c. MME.
d. All of the above.
Questions
Identify three main factors influencing resource scheduling.
Questions
How many MCS Indexes are there in LTE?
a. 16.
b. 32.
c. 64.
d. 128
Questions
How many subframes are allocated when TTI (subfrrame)
bundling is configured?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Contents

Dynamic Scheduling
ACK/
NACK
Downlink
Uplink
0 1 2 3 4 5
PDSCH
D PDCCH
Mobile
Receives
Mobile
Sends
PUCCH
Dynamic
Semi-Persistent Scheduling
ACK/
NACK
Downlink
Uplink
0 1 2 3 4 5
PDSCH
S PDCCH
Mobile
Receives
PUCCH
Semi-
Persistent
ACK/
NACK
Mobile
Sends
Mobile
Sends
Contents

Contents
4.1 Intra LTE Mobility
4.2 Reporting Options
4.3 Mobility Measurements

Contents

Intra-LTE Mobility
Idle State
Mobility
Active State
Mobility
Idle State - Cell Reselection
eNB
UE
Frequency
1 eNB
eNB
Frequency
2
Frequency
1
Intra-Frequency
Inter-Frequency
Time
Squal
Page328
S
intrasearch
Parameter
S
intrasearch
High and Medium Mobility State
Impact to Treselection

eNB
UE
eNB
Cell is better for duration
of Treselection (may have
scaling applied )
Ranking of Cells - Ranking
Equation
Rs = Q
meas,s
+ Q
Hyst
Rn = Q
meas,n
- Qoffset
Active State Mobility - Intra LTE
Serving Neighbor
Measurements and
Reporting
Margin
RSRP RSRP
UE
eNB
eNB
Handover
Preparation
Perform
Handover
Source
UE
eNB eNB MME
S-GW
Target
Page332
LTE Handover
Measurement
Report(s)
Handover Request
Handover
Request Ack
RRC Connection
Reconfiguration
Request
SN Status
Transfer
Handover Confirmed
Path Switch
Request
Modify
Bearer
Path Switch
Request Ack
Contents

Measurement Configuration
Parameters
eNB
MeasConfig
measObjectToRemoveList
measObjectId
measObject
reportConfigToRemoveList
reportConfigId
reportConfig
measIdToRemoveList
measGapConfig
s-Measure
timeToTrigger-SF
UE
R
R
C
C
o
n
n
ectio
n
R
eco
n
fig
u
ratio
n
m
essag
e
Report Configuration Parameters
eNB
MeasConfig
reportConfigEUTRA
triggerType (event or Periodic)
triggerQuantity (RSRP, RSRQ)
reportQuantity
maxReportCells
reportInterval
reportAmount
ThresholdEUTRA
UE
R
R
C
C
o
n
n
ectio
n
R
eco
n
fig
u
ratio
n
m
essag
e
Periodic and Event Reporting
UE
eNB
Threshold
Periodic
UE
Event Based
Event triggered based on
threshold, hysterisis and TTT
(Time To Trigger)
Contents

Measurement Gaps
Non Gap Assisted
Fc
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Same frequency, same
bandwidth, non gap
assisted
Same frequency,
different bandwidth,
non gap assisted
Same frequency,
different bandwidth,
non gap assisted
Fc
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Fc
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Different frequency,
overlapping
bandwidth, gap
assisted
overlapping
bandwidth, gap
assisted
no overlapping
bandwidth, gap
assisted
Fc
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Fc
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Fc
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
Page339
Measurement Gaps
Gap Assisted
Gap Configuration
SFN mod T = FLOOR(gapOffset /10)
subframe = gapOffset mod 10
where: T= TGRP/10
UE Measurements
E-UTRA Carrier RSSI
RSRP
RSRQ
Page341
Questions
True / False. Adjacent LTE cells can utilize the same, or
difference, frequency band.
Questions
What is the name of the parameter which can be used to
configure if intra-frequency measurements should be
performed?
Questions
Which message is used to provide the UE with Active State
measurement configuration information?
a. System Information.
b. RRC Connection Setup.
c. RRC Connection Reconfiguration.
d. Measurement Control.
Questions
Which measurement event is used to indicate that a
neighbor cell is an offset better than the serving cell?
a. Event A1.
b. Event A2.
c. Event A3.
d. Event A4.
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