CONTENT

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

HISTORY
CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIALITIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
RECENT TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
APPLICATION AREAS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
What is an Embedded System
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware & software,
either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a
particular kind of application device

Embedded System Design : H/W +S/W
Application Software
OS (porting or design)
Device Driver
Hardware (target platform)


HISTORY
One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo
Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT
Instrumentation Laboratory
An early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance
computer for the Minuteman missile, released in 1961
Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down
in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality.
The first microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004, was designed for
calculators and other small systems but still required many external memory and
support chips. In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released
a "standard" for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-
based controllers, such as single board computers, numerical, and event-based
controllers.
CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
Stand-alone Embedded Systems
Real-time Systems
Network Information Appliances
OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING BLOCK OF HARDWARE
OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory
Input devices
Output devices

SOFTWARE IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Software : Device driver + OS + Application program
Device driver
Digital IO (GPIO-LED, Relay, Switch,) , ADC, DAC, U(S)ART,
Timer/counter, WDT, I2C, SPI, PWM, Actuator, Sensor, Touch screen, IRDA,
Network (Ethernet, X.25, Wireless...), USB, IEEE1394 (Firewire), Audio,
Video Graphic, LCD, Keyboard, Mouse, DMAC, Bluetooth
OS or non-OS
OS roles and missions
Process Management : Task scheduling, Context switching
Resource Management : CPU, MMU, Disk, I/O devices
File System : FAT, NTFS, EXT2/3, JFS, NFS
Device Driver : I/O, Network
GUI, Security, ...
Embedded system OS
Multi-tasking, Network, Multimedia, Portable, Preemptive, Deterministic
(Hard Real-time), Robust & Reliable
CHARACTERISTICS
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task,
rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple
tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints
that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability;
others may have low or no performance requirements,
allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce
costs.
User interface
Processors in embedded systems
Ready made computer boards
Peripherals
Tools
Debugging
Reliability
User interface
SPECIALITIES OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
Performance
Power Consumption
Cost
Size
Software Up gradation capability
RECENT TRENDS IN EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
Processor Power
Mobile Devices
Operating Systems
Communication Interfaces and Networking Capability
Programming Languages
Automative
Ignition System
Engine Control
Brake System

Medical
Infusion Pumps
Dialysis Machine
Prosthetic Device
Cardiac Monitor
Networking
Router
Hubs
Gateways
Consumer Electronic
TV
Set-Top Box
PDA
Kitchen Application
Toys/Games
Telephone/Cell Phones
Camera/GPS
Industrial Contol
Robotics
Control System
Art.Satellies
Missiles
Nuclear Reactors
Space Stations
Shuttles
Office Automation
Fax
Copier
Printers
Scanners
Card Readers
Monitors
APPLICATION AREAS
CONCLUSION
Thus embedded systems contain programmed instruction running via
processor chips. They perform control, protection & monitoring tasks. In
broad terms embedded systems are programmable devices or systems
which are generally used to control or monitor things like processes
machi ner y, envi r onment al equi pment & communi cat i ons .
REFERENCES
Embedded Systems Architecture, Designing and Programming By Rajkamal.
Embedded Systems Programming and Designing By Michael Barr.
Designing Of Embedded Hardware By John Keysoukisi.
Embedded System Design By Frank Vahid.
www.embedded.com www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
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