Trip Generation

CE 303 Transportation Engineering

By
Dr G S Gurusinghe.
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Peradeniya
20
th
August 2010.

Trip generation in the first stage of transportation
planning
Trips are generated to satisfy the transportation needs
of the man
Trips can be classified as
Work
School
Shopping
Recreational
Freight
Estimation of trip generation uses statistical models
Trip Generation
Trip Ends, Productions and Attractions.
Residential
Residential
Zone j
Zone i
Nonresidential
(business,
schools,
industry)
Nonresidential
(business,
schools,
industry)
Note : 1. Each zone has two trip ends
2. Zone i has two trip productions
3. Zone j has two trip attractions
Production end
Production end
Attraction end
Attraction end
Urban Zones
Individual travel patterns are difficult to trace in a
region.
Therefore, a region is divided into easy travel
analysis zones of similar travel requirement
The zones are residential, non residential or
mixed (residential and non - residential).
Residential zones produce trips
Non-residential zones attract trips.
Residential and non - residential zones produce
and attract trips.
Zonal Characteristics (Attributes)
Zonal population
Average zonal income,
Average vehicle ownership,
Average adults per household
Industries
Commercial activities
Public activities
Households
Zonal averages in a residential zone do not show
variability of the attributes within the zone.
This affects accuracy of estimated trip levels. Eg.
Income levels differ from household to
household.
Therefore, households are used as the smallest
entities in modern trip production models.
Zone based models are known as aggregate
models
Household based models are known as
disaggregate models.

Trip Purpose
Analysis of trips by purpose help more accurate.
Bexause they have similar characteristics of mode
of travel and timing.
The main trip purposes are,
Work trips
School trips
Shopping trips
Social trips
Recreational trips.

Trip generation models
Estimate the trips generated by a zone
using zonal attributes.
The commonly used statistical models
are,
Regression models
Trip rate analysis models
Cross classification models.
Regression models
Y = b
0
+ b
1
*X
1
+ b
2
*X
2
+ b
3
*X
3
+ b
4
*X
4

Y is the dependent variable ( No of trips
generated in a zone)
X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
etc. are independent
variables (Zonal attributes).
b
0
, b
1
, b
2
, b
3
, b
4
etc. are the model
parameters.

Example: The zonal trip production per day in any zone of
an urban region is given by the regression model,
Y = b
0
+ b
1
*X
1
*(b
2
X
2
+ b
3
X
3
+ b
4
X
4
)
Where, X
1
= zonal population,X
2
= average zonal income,
X
3
= average vehicle ownership,X
4
= average adults per
household,
b
0
= 150, b
1
= 3.5, b
2
=.003, b
3
=1.5, b
4
= 1.7.
Calculate the number of trips generated per day by each
zone which have the following zonal attributes,
Zone i X
1
X
2
X
3
X
4

1 1750 Rs 40000 1.8 2.7
2 2240 Rs 20000 0.6 5.8
3 1980 Rs 35000 1.2 3.6
Answer.
Trips production per day,
by Zone 1
=150+ 3.5* 1750* (0.003*40000+1.5*1.8+1.7*2.7)
= 118301
by Zone 2
=150+ 3.5* 2240* (0.003*20000+1.5*0.6+1.7*5.8)
= 131548
by Zone 3
=150+ 3.5* 1980* (0.003*35000+1.5*1.2+1.7*3.6)
= 127801
Trip Rate Analysis
The trip rate analysis is simpler than
regression models.
It is a combination of several models that are
developed by determining the average trip
production or trip attraction rates associated
with the important trip generators within the
zone.
An example of these trip generators is the
land use.
Trip generation rates grouped by generalized land use categories in
downtown . (Ref. Fundamentals of Transportation Engineering by
CS Papacostas. p 254)
Land use category Floor space (m
2
) Person trips
Trip Rate
(Trips /1000 m
2)

Residential 254926 6574 25.8
Commercial - Retail 625423 54833 87.7
Commercial -
Wholesale
241455 3162 13.1
Commercial - Services 1254748 70014 55.8
Manufacturing 129321 1335 10.32
Transportation 129507 5630 43.47
Public Buildings 276572 11746 42.47
Person trips per hectare by land use and zone. (Ref. Fundamentals of Transportation
Engineering by CS Papacostas p 255)
Personal trips per hectare
Zone
Resid
ential
Commercial Manu
fact
uring
Trans
port
ation
Public
build
ings
Public
open
space
Average
Retail
Whole
sale
Servi
ces
Used
land
All
land
1 128 850 135 445 353 73 595 5 128 100
2 108 423 90 258 183 25 265 3 75 50
3 93 563 115 505 83 35 375 10 80 55
4 75 670 73 385 73 25 245 5 65 43
5 55 463 60 365 55 13 90 5 43 20
6 45 485 48 338 53 18 48 3 35 13
7 38 380 40 328 35 15 10 3 28 8
Weighted
Average
60 565 328 78 65 23 115 5 50 23
Example: Four zones of an urban region have the
following areas of land use. Calculate the trips
produced and attracted by the zones using the
previously determined average trip rates.
Land use category
Area (ha)
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
Residential 2500 150 50
Commercial Retail 375 900 150
Wholesale 450 500 200
Services 150 250 200
Manufacturing 125 0 2500
Transportation 80 250 350
Public buildings 230 1500 125
Public open space 300 350 100
Answer
First calculate the trips generated by land use.
Land use category
Trip production by land use
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
Residential 150000 9000 3000
Commercial Retail 211875 508500 84750
Wholesale 147600 164000 65600
Services 11700 19500 15600
Manufacturing 8125 0 162500
Transportation 1840 5750 8050
Public buildings 26450 172500 14375
Public open space 1500 1750 500
Total 559090 881000 354375
Now sort out trip productions and attractions by
residential and non residential trip generation
Type of trips
Personal trips
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
Production 150000 9000 3000
Attractions 409090 872000 351375
Total 559090 881000 354375
There are many ways in which the trip rates can be
arranged. The following tables show hypothetical
examples of different trip rates that can be developed to
determine the number of trips generated.
Example of person-trip attraction rates.
Trip purpose
Trips
per
house-
hold
Trips per employee
University
High
school
Other
Non
retail
Retail
CBD
Shop
center
Other
Home based work - 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 - - -
Home based shop - - 2.00 9.00 4.00 - - -
Home based
school
- - - - - 0.90 1.60 1.20
Home based other 0.70 0.60 1.10 4.00 2.30 - - -
Non home based 0.30 0.40 1.00 4.60 2.30 - - -
An example of trip generation rates for residential areas
Residential traffic
generator
Morning peak (trips/unit) Afternoon peak (trips/unit)
In Out Total In Out Total
Single family residence 0.23 0.58 0.81 0.60 0.40 1.00
Multifamily apartments 0.08 0.49 0.57 0.46 0.23 0.69
An example of trip rates for various commercial activities

Commercial trip generator
Trips per 100 m
2
GFA*
at peak hour of
operation
Trips per 100 m
2
GFA*
at afternoon peak street-
hour
Drive in restaurants 276.6 116.3
Sit down restaurants 37.7 26.9
Food stores 15.1 12.9
Neighbourhood shopping
centres
16.1 15.1
Automobile service stations 30.1 24.8
Motels 0.9 0.6
Office buildings 2.5 2.5
Hospitals 1.1 0.8
*Gross Flow Area (GFA) of buildings
Cross Classification Models
Cross classification is an extension of simple trip
rate analysis
They are zone based models but in trip
generation they are used as disaggregate models.
In residential trip generation, households are
further subdivided into categories or classes that
highly correlate with trip making.
Trip rates associated with each category of
households are estimated by statistical methods.
These rates which are assumed to remain stable
over time are used to estimate trip generation in
similar zones.

Example of home based non work trip production rates for cross
classification
Area type
Vehicles
available per
household
Trips per household per day
No of persons per household
1 2-3 4 5+
Urban high
density
0 0.57 2.07 4.57 6.95
1 1.45 3.02 5.52 7.90
2+ 1.82 3.39 5.89 8.27
Suburban
medium density
0 0.97 2.54 5.04 7.42
1 1.92 3.49 5.99 8.37
2+ 2.29 3.86 6.36 8.74
Rural low
density
0 0.54 1.94 4.44 96.82
1 1.32 2.89 5.39 7.77
2+ 1.69 3.26 5.76 8.14
Example: An urban zone contains 200 hectares of residential land,
50 hectares of commercial land and 10 hectares of park land. The
zones predicted target year household composition is as follows,
Vehicles
per
household
Number of households
No of persons per household
1 2-3 4 5+
0 100 200 150 20
1 300 500 210 50
2+ 150 100 60 00
Using the calibrated cross classification rates given in previous
table, estimate the total home based non work trips that the
zone produces during a typical day of the target year.
Answer
This is a high density zone (large residential area). The total trip
productions P
i
of the zone i estimated by summing up the
contributions of each household type is given by,

h
h h i
R N P
where N
h
is the number of households type h and R
h
is the
corresponding trip production rate. Thus, the trip productions
by each house hold type is given by,
Vehicles per
household
Number of trips generated by household type
Total by
household
type
No of persons per household
1 2-3 4 5+
0 100 x 0.57 200 x 2.07 150 x 4.57 20 x 6.95 1296
1 300 x 1.45 500 x 3.02 210 x 5.52 50 x 7.90 3499
2+ 150 x 1.82 100 x 3.39 60 x 5.89 00 x 8.27 965
Grand Total 5760
An example of
procedure for
prediction of trip
attraction and trip
production
Forecast by zone of
total households,
distribution of
household size and
vehicle availability
Inputs
Identify area type
by zone
Apply trip
production rates
by zone
Trip production by
purpose, by zone
and totals by
purpose
Trip production
Apply trip
attraction rates
by zone
Obtain total trip
attraction by
zone and
purpose
Compare
regional totals to
trip production
and factors if
necessary
Trip attraction
by purpose, by
zone and totals
by purpose
Trip attraction
Subtract special
attractors from
zone totals
Estimate special
attractor trip
totals by site
Split special
attractor trips by
purpose by site.
Special
attractors
Forecasts by zone
of employmant by
type, school
enrollment, area of
parks
Identify special
attraction sites
Inputs
Output
Output