Intranet and LAN

Objectives :

Basic of Intranet
Intranet Setup
Feature of LAN
Hardware requirement of LAN
Topology in LAN
What is Intranet ?
Smaller private version of Internet. It uses
Internet protocols to create enterprise-wide
network which may consists of
interconnected LANs.

It may or may not include connection to
Internet.

Intranet is an internal information system
based on Internet technology and web
protocols for implementation within a
corporate organization.

This implementation is performed in such a way as
to transparently deliver the immense informational
resources of an organization to each individuals
desktop with minimal cost, time and effort.
The Intranet defines your organization and display it
for everyone to see.
If everyone knows
what the company stands for,
what the companys strategic vision is,
what the guiding company principles are,
who the clients and partners are,
then they can focus more clearly on what their
own contributions are to the organization.
Who needs an Intranet :

In an Intranet environment is used to
communicate over two or more networks
across different locations.

1. Users having multi-locations with multi-
networks.
2. Users having single locations with multi-
networks.
3. Users having single locations with single
networks.
Whats really HOT about Intranets :

From a technology point of view, an
Intranet is simply beautiful. because :

1. It is scale able.
2. It is Interchangeable.
3. It is platform independent.
4. It is Hardware independent.
5. It is vendor independent.
6. It is open.
Why Intranet for an Organization:

1. A Decision Making Tool
2. A Complete Communication Tool
3. A 21st Century Telephone.
4. An ISO Tool
5. A Target Marketing Tool

Applications of Intranet :

1. Publishing Corporate documents
2. Access into searchable directories
3. Excellent Mailing Facilities
4. Proper Sharing of Information
5. Developing Groupware Applications

A Typical Intranet setup



Technical Overview of the Intranet
Technology :

Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable
companies to employ the same type of servers and
browser used for World Wide Web for internal
applications distributed over the corporate LAN .
A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end
machine called a server which can be accessed by
individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through
the network.
The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive,
especially if your users are already connected by LAN.
Most popular Intranet web servers can run on a platform
widely found in most organizations.
Intranet In Circles
As per CMDs instructions every circle has to implement an integrated
customer services package and a call centre in each circle. The setting
up of an intranet in a circle is a must to achieve this. The Intranet will
be utilised for the following applications
Implementation of an integrated package.
Implementation of centralized FRS with IVRS
Connecting SSAs to the call centre.
Establishment of an intranet server at circle office and
SSAs accessing it.
Implementation of IUC billing project that is coming up.
Every POI (almost all SDCCs) to have PCs to collect the
CDRs and then to transport the CDRs to a central server
at Level I TAX.
Implementation of PGRAMS and MIS projects.
Implementation of any web based software projects such
as Store/Inventory Management.
Intranet applications in a circle :

Every circle should have an intranet server. Just like we have an intranet
portal under bsnl.co.in, every circle must have an intranet server which
should have the following
All posting/transfer/relieving orders issued within circle to be hosted on the
intranet.
All letters circulars/letters issued from different sections of the circle office
to be hosted on the server for immediate access by SSAs. Each section in
circle office Admn., Operations, Marketing, Finance, Planning, Computers
etc can have web pages hosted on the server.
A database can be maintained for MIS reports and all other reports to be
sent periodically by SSAs to circle office. The database can have front end
forms designed in ASP or PHP for the SSAs to input the data. Separate
programs can be developed to consolidate the data fed by SSAs.
All data prepared and /or distributed during SSA Heads meetings can be
hosted on the Intranet.
The implementation of the above will reduce the usage of paper and also
reduce the usage of FAX.
8 port Ethernet
switch
Layer 3 switch 48 port RJ45
PCs
To Other SSAs
To Transmission Network
G.703 Converter
At 2 Mbps
With Ethernet
port
Network at Computer Center at Circle Headquarters
Servers
In Cluster
8 port Ethernet
switch
Layer 3 switch 24 port RJ45
PCs
To Transmission Network
G.703 Converter
At 64 Kbps
With Ethernet
Port (500m.)
Network at SSA HQs.
G.703
Converter
Transmission
Room
8 port Ethernet
switch
PCs
64
Kbps
<5 km.
To LAN at Exges.
To SDCCs
LOCAL AREA NETWORK

LAN Concepts and Components
Features of LAN

1. Sharing of files, directories, data and program from
other computers/File Server.
2. Sharing of Hard Disk area.
3. Sharing of Printers, using a separate print server PC.
The File Server PC also can do this job.
4. Sharing of CD Drives, using special driver software.
5. Sharing Fax Machines, using the relevant driver
software.
6. Sharing the Modem is also possible.
7. Sharing, as above, from a remote terminal, with the help
of modem, telecom line etc. is also possible.
Hardware required for LAN

1. In the LAN, we have the following hardware
items:
2. A Central PC (preferably 486 and above)
3. Hard Disk
4. Networking Operating System
5. Other data and applications as needed
6. The central PC is linked to other Computers
by means of cables/wires
7. Network Interface Cards (NICs)
8. Printer may be connected to a PC which is
exclusively marked as Printer Server
9. The printer may also be connected to the
Central PC File Server
File Server : Pentium, Mono monitor, 32/64/128MB, 20/40 GB HARD DISK, 1.44MB FLOPPY
DISK
Work Station : 586 with Color monitor, 32/64MB, HARD DISK and FLOPPY DISK (if required)
Cable : Coaxial cable, STP (Shielded Twisted Pairs) UTP (unshielded Twisted Pair), or
OFC (costly)
Interface Cards : ARCNet card, Ethernet Card, Token Ring Adopter Card.(very costly)
File Server :

File Server stores all the files needed in the network
Retrieving and Serving them


Workstations :

The connected computers (with or without HARD DISK)
Nodes, Workstations have Network Interface cards (NIC)
Cables are used to link them to the File Server PC
Coaxial cable, Ordinary Twisted pair, UTP and OFC
Client-Server Network LAN
Peer-to Peer LAN (Peer means equals)

Hardware :

A Simple list of the hardware specification is :
LAN Software :

1. The Novel Server needs DOS, as the local operating system, and to
maintain the communication between itself and the various Network
computers, printers, modem etc., it requires a special operating system
called N.O.S. (Network Operating System)
2. This NOS makes the flow of messages between the File Server and
WorkStation in orderly, smooth and effective manner
3. It let workstation share the HARD DISK of File Server as network drive (F:)
of workstation
4. The LAN printer in a different room is made to appear as a local printer of
the workstation by the NOS.

The NOS has three different aspects

1. Maintaining the connectivity in the LAN among various PCs, Printers,
Faxes etc.
2. Responding to the various requests from the nodes, as REDIRECTED to
the File Server.
3. Managing the File Server DOS and to interact with it
Topology :

Topology refers to the physical data path that traffic takes
across the network.
Common LAN topologies are Bus, Ring and Star, Network
requirements of these topologies are -

1. Flexible to accommodate
2. Changes in physical location of the stations
3. Increase in number of stations.
4. Increase in LAN coverage.
5. Consistent with the media access method
6. Minimum cost of physical media.
Bus Topology
In bus topology, a single transmission medium interconnects all the stations
All stations share this medium for transmission to any other stations
Every stations listens to all the transmissions on the bus
Every transmission has source and destination address so that stations can pick the
messages meant for them and identify their senders.
Some of the advantages of bus topology are as under:
Stations are connected to the bus using a passive tap.
Least amount of media is used.
Coverage can be increased by extending the bus using repeaters.
New stations are easily added by tapping working bus.
Star topology :

1. It is in the form of a star
2. Each node is connected to a common hub or concentrator device, but not directly to
each other
3. Each interconnection supports two way communication
4. The central controller acts as a switch to route the frames from source to the
destination unlike ring or bus topologies where communication is in broadcast mode.
5. Wiring costs tend to be higher for the star networks than for other configurations,
because each node requires its own cable.
6. While star topology is well understood and is based on prove technology (telephone
network), its disadvantages are
7. Single point of failure.
8. No sharing of transmission
Ring Topology :

1. The cabling runs from workstation to workstation (and to the File Server) in the form of
a closed loop or circle
2. Messages move in one direction around the system
3. When a message arrives at a node, the node examines the address information in the
message
4. If the address matches the node address, the message is accepted otherwise, the node
regenerates the signal and places the message back on the network for the next node
in the system
5. The regeneration process allows a ring network to cover greater distances than Star /
Bus networks.
6. It uses token-passing protocol to regulate network traffic.
Network Architectures (Media Access) :

Network architecture is a method that governs how multiple
devices are allowed to share the same cable
Most People identify network by its architectures.

The network architectures that you choose determines:

1. transmission speed
2. cost
3. cable compatibility
Architecture Xmission
Speed Mbps
Compatible
Cable
Topology
Ethernet 10 Coaxial, UTP Star, bus
Token Ring 4 or 16 UTP, STP Star, ring
ARCnet 2.5 Coaxial, UTP Star, bus
FDDI 100 Fiber optic Star, ring
CDDI 100 UTP, STP Star, ring
ATM 150-622 UTP,STP, Fiber Star
100VG-
AnyLAN
100 UTP, STP Star
100BaseX 100 UTP Star
Comparing Network Architectures

Ethernet :

It is the oldest Surviving network type
Ethernet follows CSMA/CD Protocol for Transmission
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection)

Advantages :

1. Inexpensive adapter cards
2. Easy installation
3. Various types of cables can be used
4. Widely used
5. Speed (up to 10 Mbps)

Disadvantages :

1. Poor performance under heavy loads (CSMA/CD, the Data access scheme used by Ethernet
does not hold up well under heavy use)
2. Difficult to troubleshoot (in the bus configuration, a failure at one point can cause the entire
network to go down)
Ethernet's CSMA/CD Protocol Transmission :

1. A node must first listen to the network cabling before it is permitted to transmit anything
over the network
2. If it does not detect a carrier on the cable, the station transmits the frame
3. A carrier is an electronic signal that indicates that another device is already using the cable)
4. When the cable is in use, the node waits a set amount of time before trying to transmit
again
5. After the frame is transmitted, the node continues to listen to the cable for any possible
collisions
6. A collision occurs when another node on the network transmits a frame while the cable is in
use
7. If a collision occurs, the frames are corrupted
8. Before the frames can be retransmitted, each node involved in the collision must back off
and wait a random amount of time

Ethernet's CSMA/CD Protocol Reception :

1. Each node must examine all the frames that pass by.
2. When the packet is not intended for the node viewing it, the packet is passed on to the next
station.
3. If the node receives a packet for which it is the recipient, the node confirms the integrity of
the packet before the node processes it.
4. Frame should not be longer than 1,518 bytes and lesser than 64 bytes.
5. Frames should pass Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).