 WHAT IS CNC?

– CNC may be defined as the numerical

control system where in a dedicated
programs in a computer are used to
replace some or all of its control
functions.
– In CNC the program is read once by he
tape reader as the input device & is
stored in the controller’s random access
memory.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF CNC:-
In CNC the program is read once by the
tape reader and stored in the controller’s
random access memory. When a stored
program has to be executed in the CNC
machine the instruction blocks in the part
program are implemented by the micro
processor with the help of the control programs
resident in ROM. The output from the
controller may be either as a sequence of
reference phase or as a binary word in sampled
data system, with the first type of system the
microprocessor helps in generate a sequence of
reference phase for each axis of motion; each
 ADAPTIVE CONTROL:-
Adaptive control implies that he CNC system is
responsive to adapt. Itself operate at those
machining parameter which result in higher
productivity of part programmer.
so by the ADAPTIVE CONTROL below
mentioned control selection can be apply named as
ADAPTIVE CONTROL with constraints ACC.

1) Use the available spindle power to maximum.

2) Limit the deflection of the cutter.
3) Limit the cutting tool temperature.
4) Limit the vibrating amplitude of the cut.
  FEATURE OF CNC:-

A CNC system provides all the above functions

through with the help of software based control
principle.

1)Interpolation (Linear & Circular)

2)Tool compensation using dedicated switches.
3)Speed & feed ever ride.
4)Repeated program start for batch manufacture.
5)Minor imaging.
6)Sealing.
7)Suppression of NC block.
8)Online part programming through difficult & time
consuming.
INTERACTIVE CNC:-
Programming and machine operation has been further
made easier and speedier by the following developments in
this direction.
Automatic preparation of part program with minimum
essential data input in the form of familiar words.
Easier input data definition with the help of callous,
graphical, special familiar character and multiple windows on
the screen.
Automatic tool selection according to the shape of work
piece to be machined and the machining process.
Automatic determination of machining condition such as
spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate on the basis of
material data
Automatic geometric calculation of dimension like those of
inter section and tangent on data input from the work piece.
CNC SYSTEM FOR FACTORY
AUTOMATION:-
There has been a growing need for CNC system
which can be operated unnamed for long long hours.
1) Stand alone CNC machining, turning and working
centers for unnamed operation.
2) Flexible manufacturing modules (PMM) which consists of
one of the above mentioned centers and a material
handling device line that of robot.
3) computer controlled machine tool inspection machines
and materials handling device like robots and
automatically guided vehicles (AGV) etc. in an integral
fashion bringing about flexibility in automated storage
handling and processing and flow of the materials
namely tooling and work pieces.
DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL :-
DNC is the first stop towards the factory of future. It is a
manufacturing system in which a central computer
communicates with the controllers of several machine tools
by as direct connection in real time. Its essential functions in
addition to the earlier mentioned NC/CNC capabilities of the
machine tools are.
1) To used the memory of the central computer far working
programs meant for several NC/CNC machines. In principle
programs hundred of machines may be stored. This function
includes input, output, editing, updating, copying and
erasing of programs at DNC computer.
2) To transfer or download directly the part programs from
central computer to individual machine control units of
machine.
3) To provide software for processing of the above mentioned
shop floor data for management purposes. This may includes
4)To provide downloading in real time on the floor shop. In the
earlier type of DNC the part program data was transferred
block by block to the hard wired MCUS of NC machines as if it
were on a punched tape.
5)To establish two way communication I.e. in addition to
downloading of programs the control computer can also
receive message and other manufacturing information in real
time.
6)To provide for unloading I.e. entry of part program from CNC
systems to the central computer.
7)To post process part program which are written in higher
languages like APT. this may also includes additional software
for assistance accordingly this DNC system can be viewed to
out as an interface between “higher level language process
planning” and “lower level” machine planning.
8)To provide for integration of the central computer with other
systems like those of CAD/CAM.
MODEM:-
It is a device which converts digital data from
computer & other DTE ( data terminal equipment) like
CNC controller and computers into signal which can be
transmitted over long distances over telephone lines. The
term modem into analog signals of light signals in case at
fiber optic telephone lines. The modem can be viewed as
an interface between digital equipment and analog line.
At the sending side the modem modulates (conditions)
the digital signal making it suitable for transmission over
the line. At the receiving den it demodulates the signal
and converts it look into original digital signal for the
receiving equipment. The public service telephone lines
can be thus used to transmit data over long distances
above 10 km with the help of long haul modems. The
short haul modems may of course be used for distances
within a range of 2-10 km. typical data transfer rates (also
HOW OF DNC?
The hardware and software requirements of DNC have
been shown in fig. the essential components are:
1)DNC computer which could be mainframe. A mini or
now even personal computer (Pc)
2)Computer memory which is RAM, ROM and mainly the
magnetic disc drive.
3)Input/output CRI terminal and other desired I/O devices
like line printers, plotters Tape road and punch
magnetic drives and floppy drives etc.
4)Communication line between the DNC computer and
the machine controller.
5)DNC system software and enhanced functions software
for management, processing higher level language part
programs and linking DNC with other systems.