Miracle Planet Earth

By Wasif-ul-Aziz
 Agenda
Earth
Shape of Earth
Distance Between Earth and Sun
Diameter of Earth
Geological Layers of earth
Heat
Surface of Earth
Atmosphere
Magnetic Field
Orbit and rotation.
Axial tilt and seasons
Natural and environmental hazards
Earth

The earth is a planet full of life.

There is a most harmonious balance
of life in the sky, on the land and in
the seas. Millions of animals,
plants, insects and sea creatures,
all with different structures, colours
and features, live together on this
special planet.
Shape of Earth

 The shape of the Earth is very close

to that of an oblate spheroid.
Distance Between Earth and Sun

 92,935,700 miles
OR
 1 AU (Astronomical Unit) =
1.495978706 x 10^11 meters.
Diameter of Earth
 The diameter of the earth at the equator is
7,926.41 miles (12,756.32 kilometers). But,
if you measure the earth through the poles
the diameter is a bit shorter - 7,901 miles
(12,715.43 km). Thus the earth is a bit
wider (25 miles / 41 km) than it is tall,
giving it a slight bulge at the equator.
 Geologic layers of the Earth
Depth Component Layer Density
km g/cm3
Earth cutaway from core to
exosphere. Not to scale. 0–60 Lithosphere —

0–35 ... Crust 2.2–2.9

35–60 ... Upper mantle 3.4–4.4

35–2890 Mantle 3.4–5.6

100–700 ... Asthenosphere —

2890–5100 Outer core 9.9–12.2

5100–6378 Inner core 12.8–13.1

Heat

 Earth's internal heat comes from a

combination of:
 Residual Heat from planetary accretion
(about 20%).
 heat produced through radio active
decay (80%).
 The major heat-producing isotopes in
the Earth are potassium, uranium, and
thorium.
Surface of Earth

 The Earth's terrain varies greatly from

place to place. About 70.8% of the
surface is covered by water, with much
of the continental shelf below sea level.
The submerged surface has
mountainous features, including a globe-
spanning mid-ocean ridges system, as
well as undersea volcanoes, oceanic
trenches, oceanic plateaus. The
remaining 29.2% not covered by water
consists of mountains, deserts, plains,
plateaus, and other geomorphologies.
Atmosphere
 The atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth
averages 101.325 kPa, with a scale height of about
8.5 km.
 78% nitrogen
 21% oxygen
 The remaining 1 percent consists of argon and small
amounts of other gases.
 The atmosphere also contains water vapor, carbon
dioxide, water droplets, dust particles, and small
amounts of many other chemicals released by
volcanoes, fires, living things, and human activities.
Magnetic Field
 he earth’s magnetic field is shaped
roughly as a magnetic dipole, with the
poles currently located proximate to
the planet's geographic poles
 According to dynamo theory, the field
is generated within the molten outer
core region where heat creates
convection motions of conducting
materials, generating electric currents.
These in turn produce the Earth's
magnetic field. The convection
movements in the core are chaotic in
nature, and periodically change
alignment. This results in fields reveal
at irregular intervals averaging a few
times every million years. The most
recent reversal occurred
approximately 700,000 years ago.
Orbit and rotation

 The distance around Earth's orbit is 584 million miles

(940 million kilometers). Earth travels in its orbit at
66,700 miles (107,000 kilometers) an hour, or 18.5
miles (30 kilometers) a second. Earth's orbit lies on
an imaginary flat surface around the sun called the
orbital plane.
 Earth takes 24 hours to spin completely around on its
axis so that the sun is in the same place in the sky.
This period is called a solar day.
 It only takes 23 hours 56 minutes 4.09 seconds for
Earth to spin once.
 Earth takes 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 9.54 seconds
to circle the sun.
Axial tilt and seasons
 Because of the axial tilt of the Earth, the amount of sunlight
reaching any given point on the surface varies over the
course of the year. This results in seasonal change in climate,
with summer in the northern hemisphere occurring when the
North Pole is pointing toward the Sun, and winter taking place
when the pole is pointed away. During the summer, the day
lasts longer and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter,
the climate becomes generally cooler and the days shorter .
Natural resources and land use

 The Earth provides resources that are exploitable by humans for useful
purposes. Some of these are non-renewable resources, such as
mineral fuels, that are difficult to replenish on a short time scale.
 Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from the Earth's crust,
consisting of coal, petroleum, natural gas and methane clathrate. These
deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as
feedstock for chemical production. Mineral ore bodies have also been
formed in Earth's crust through a process of Ore genesis, resulting from
actions of erosion and plate tectonics.[132] These bodies form
concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements.
 The Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for
humans, including (but far from limited to) food, wood, pharmaceuticals,
oxygen, and the recycling of many organic wastes. The land-based
ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water, and the oceanic
ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the
land.[133] Humans also live on the land by using building materials to
construct shelters
Natural and environmental
hazards

 Large areas are subject to extreme weather such as tropical

cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons that dominate life in
those areas. Many places are subject to earthquakes,
landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes,
sinkholes, blizzards, floods, droughts, and other calamities
and disasters.
 Many localized areas are subject to human-made pollution
of the air and water, acid rain and toxic substances, loss of
vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss
of wildlife, species extinction, soil degradation, soil
depletion, erosion, and introduction of invasive species.
 A scientific consensus exists linking human activities to
global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of
glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges,
significant changes in weather conditions and a
global rise in average sea levels.
End of Presentation