Chapter 14

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Engineering Mechanics:
Dynamics in SI Units, 12e
Chapter 14
Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy
Chapter Objectives
Develop and apply the principle of work and
energy that involve force, velocity, and
displacement

Study problems that involve power and efficiency

Concept of a conservative force and apply the
theorem of conservation of energy to solve kinetic
problems.
Chapter Outline
1. The Work of a Force
2. Principle of Work and Energy
3. Principle of Work and Energy for a System of
Particles
4. Power and Efficiency
5. Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
6. Conservation of Energy
14.1 The Work of a Force
A force F does work on a particle when it
undergoes a displacement in the direction of the
force
The displacement is dr = r r
The angle between tails of dr and F is and
work dU done by F is a scalar quantity
dU = F ds cos
dU = Fdr

Work of a Variable Force
When particle undergoes a finite displacement
along its path from r
1
to r
2
or s
1
to s
2
, the work is
determined by integration
If F is expressed as a function of position,
F = F(s),

} }
= =
2
1
2
1
cos .
2 1
s
s
r
r
ds F dr F U u
Work of a Weight
Consider a particle which moves up along the
path s from s
1
to position s
2

At an intermediate point, the displacement dr =
dxi +dyj + dzk
Since W = -Wj

y W U
y y W Wdy
k dz j dy i dx j W dr F U
y
y
r
r
A =
= =
+ + = =
}
} }
2 1
1 2
2 1
) (
)
~
~ ~
).(
~
( .
2
1
2
1
Work of a Spring Force
Magnitude of force in a linear elastic spring when
displaced a distance s from unstretched position
is F
s
= k
s

When elongated or compressed from s
1
to s
2
, the
W.D on spring by F
s
is positive, since force and
displacement are in the same direction

2
1
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
ks ks
ds ks ds F U
s
s
s
s
s
=
= =
} }

Work of a Spring Force.
The constant towing force T does positive work
of

The weight does negative work of

( )s T U
T
| cos =
( )s W U
W
| sin =
The 10-kg block rest on a smooth incline. If the
spring is originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the
total work done by all forces acting on the block
when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the block
up the plane s = 2 m.
Example 14.1
Solution
Horizontal Force P
Since force is constant, the work is

Spring Force F
s

Spring is stretched to its final position
s
2
= 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m
Work is negative as force and displacement are in
opposite directions.
Example 14.1
( )
J
m N U
P
8 . 692
30 cos 2 400
=
=

Solution
Spring Force F
s

The work of F
s
is thus

Weight W
Weight is in the opposite direction and work is
negative

Example 14.1
J m M N m M N U
s
90 ) 5 . 0 )( / 30 (
2
1
) 5 . 2 )( / 30 (
2
1
2 2
=
(
=
J m N U
W
1 . 98 ) 30 sin 2 ( 1 . 98 = =

Solution
Normal Force NB
This force does no work since it is always
perpendicular to the displacement.

Total Work
The work of all the forces when the block is
displaced 2 m is thus
Example 14.1
J U
T
505 1 . 98 90 8 . 692 = =
14.2 Principle of Work and Energy
Consider a particle P path measured with an
inertial coordinate system
For the particle in the tangential direction,
F
t
= ma
t

For principle of work and energy for the particle,

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
mv mv ds F
dv mv ds F
s
s
t
v
v
s
s
t
=
=
}
}
}
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
1
2
1
mv mv U =

It is often also expressed as

The particles initial kinetic energy plus the work
done by all the forces acting on the particle as it
moves from initial to its final position is equal to
the particles final kinetic energy

2 2 1 1
T U T = +

Procedures for Analysis
Work (Free-Body Diagram)
Establish the initial coordinate system and FBD

Principle of Work and Energy
Apply the principle of work and energy

Kinetic energy at initial and final points is positive
since it involves the speed squared
2 2 1 1
T U T = +

2
2
1
mv T =
Procedures for Analysis
Work is always positive when the force
component is in the same direction
Forces that are functions of displacement must
be integrated to obtain the work
The work of a weight is the product of the weight
magnitude and the vertical displacement
The work of the spring is in the form of
2
2
1
ks U
s
=
14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
Principle of work and energy can be extended to
include a system of n particles isolated within an
enclosed region of space

= +
2 2 1 1
T U T
14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding.
When applied force P just balances the resultant
frictional force
k
N then due to equilibrium a
constant velocity v is maintained

Sliding motion will generate heat and create
vibration and rough surface

2 2
2
1
2
1
mv N Ps mv
s k
= +
The 17.5-kN automobile is traveling down the 10
inclined road at a speed of 6 m/s. if the driver jams
on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock, determine
how far s his tires skid on the road. The coefficient of
the kinetic friction between the wheels and the road
is
k
= 0.5
Example 14.2
Solution
N
A
does no work as and the weight 17.5-kN, is
displaced s sin 10. Applying equation of equilibrium
normal to the road,

Example 14.2
N N F
N N N N F
A A
A A n
1 . 8617 5 . 0
1 . 17234 0 10 cos 17500 ; ; 0
= =
= = =

+
{ } m 75 . 5 0 ) 1 . 8617 ( ) 10 sin ( 17500 ) 6 (
81 . 9
17500
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
= = +
|
.
|
\
|
=

s s s
T U T

The platform P is tied down so that the 0.4-m long
cords keep a 1-m long spring compressed 0.6-m
when nothing is on the platform. If a 2-kg platform is
placed on the platform and released from rest after
the platform is pushed down 0.1-m, determine the
max height h the block rises in the air, measure from
the ground.
Example 14.4
Solution
Initial compression in the spring is s
1
=0.6+0.1=0.7m
We have

Example 14.4
| |
m 963 . 0
0 } ) 3 . 0 ( ) 62 . 19 ( ) 7 . 0 )( / 200 (
2
1
) 6 . 0 )( / 200 (
2
1
{ 0
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 2 1 1
=
=
(
+
=
)
`
A
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

h
m h N m m N m m N
mv y W ks ks mv
T U T
The block A and B have a mass of 10-kg and 100-kg
respectively. Determine the distance B travels from
the point where it is released from rest to the point
its speed become 2 m/s.
Example 14.6
Solution
Cable force T and reactions R
1
and R
2
do no work.

Example 14.6
{ }
{ } { }
)
`
+ = A + A + +
)
`
+ = A + A +
)
`
+
=

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 2 1 1
) 2 )( 100 (
2
1
) )( 10 (
2
1
) ( 981 ) ( 1 . 98 0 0
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
A B A
B B A A B B A A B B A A
v s s
v m v m s W s W v m v m
T U T
Solution
Kinematics

A change in position yields the displacement
equation

Both of these displacements are positive downward,
taking time derivative yields
Example 14.6
l s s
B A
= + 4
B A
B A
s s
s s
A = A
= A + A
4
0 4
s m v v
B A
/ 8 4 = = m s
B
883 . 0 = A
14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Conservative Force
Defined by the work done in moving a particle
from one point to another that is independent of
the path followed by the particle

Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work
Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of
the particle
Gravitational Potential Energy.
When a particle is located a distance y above a
datum, the weight W has positive gravitational
potential energy V
g
If y is positive upward,
gravitational potential energy
of the particle of weight W is

Wy V
g
=
Elastic Potential Energy
When an elastic spring is elongated or
compressed from un-stretched position, the
elastic potential energy is

V
e
is always positive
2
2
1
ks V
e
+ =
Potential Function.
When particle subjected to both gravitational and
elastic forces, the potential energy is

If particle moves from s
1
to a lower position s
2
,
the work done is
e g
V V V + =
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1
2
2 2
1
1 2 2 1 2 1
ks ks s s W V V U = =

14.6 Conservation of Energy
Work done by the conservative forces can be
written in terms of the difference in their potential
energies
If only conservative forces are applied to the
body when moving from state to state, we have

This is called conservation of mechanical energy
or conservation of energy
2 2 1 1
V T V T + = +
System of Particles
If a system of particles is subjected only to
conservative forces,

Sum of the particles initial kinetic and potential
energies is equal to the sum of the particles final
kinetic and potential energies

+ = +
2 2 1 1
V T V T
const V T = +

Procedures of Analysis
Potential Energy
Draw 2 diagrams showing particles initial and
final points along the path
When particle is in vertical displacement,
establish the fixed horizontal datum to measure
the particles gravitational potential energy
Recall V
g
= W
y
and is always positive
2
2
1
ks V
e
=
Procedures of Analysis
Conservation of Energy
Apply the equation

When determining the kinetic energy,
speed v must be measured from an inertial
reference frame

2 2 1 1
V T V T + = +
2
2
1
mv T =
The gantry structure is used to test the response of
an airplane during a clash. The plane of mass 8-Mg
is hoisted back until = 60, and then pull-back
cable AC is released when the plane is at rest.
Determine the speed of the plane just before
clashing into the ground, = 15. Also, what is the
maximum tension developed in the supporting cable
during the motion?

Example 14.9
Solution
Potential Energy
The datum is assumed at the top of the gantry

Equation of Motion
Example 14.9
s m v
v
V T V T
B
B
B B A A
/ 5 . 13
) 15 cos 20 )( 81 . 9 ( 8000 ) 8000 (
2
1
) 60 cos 20 )( 81 . 9 ( 8000 0
2
=
=
+ = +

kN T
N T ma F
n n
149
20
) 5 . 13 (
) 8000 ( 15 cos ) 81 . 9 ( 8000 ;
2
=
= =

A smooth 2-kg collar C, fits loosely on the vertical
shaft. If the spring is un-stretched when the collar is
in the position A, determine the speed at which the
collar is moving when y = 1 m if (a) it is released
from rest at A, and (b) it is released at A with an
upward velocity vA = 2 m/s.
Example 14.11
Solution
Part (a)
Potential energy
Datum is assumed at AB.
At C, gravitational potential energy is (mg)y elastic
energy is
Example 14.11
2
2
1
CB
ks
+ =
)
`
+
)
`
= +
)
`
+ = +
+ = +
s m v
v
mgy ks mv
V T V T
C
C
CB C
C C A A
/ 39 . 4
) 1 )( 81 . 9 ( 2 ) 5 . 0 )( 3 (
2
1
) 2 (
2
1
0 0
2
1
2
1
0 0
2 2
2 2
Solution
Part (b)
If v
A
= 2 m/s, we have
Example 14.11
+ =
)
`
+
)
`
= +
)
`
+ = +
+ = +
s m v
v
mgy ks mv mv
V T V T
C
C
CB C A
C C A A
/ 82 . 4
) 1 )( 81 . 9 ( 2 ) 5 . 0 )( 3 (
2
1
) 2 (
2
1
0 ) 2 )( 2 (
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2

Chapter 14

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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