2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 1
Communicating over the
Network
Network Fundamentals Chapter 2
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 2 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Objectives
Describe the structure of a network, including the
devices and media that are necessary for successful
communications.
Explain the function of protocols in network
communications.
Explain the advantages of using a layered model to
describe network functionality.
Describe the role of each layer in two recognized
network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI
model.
Describe the importance of addressing and naming
schemes in network communications.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 3 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Structure
Define the elements of communication
3 common elements of communication
message source- Sender
the channel- Provides the path way to destination
message destination- Receiver






Define a network
data or information networks capable of carrying many different
types of communications (text, voice, video and other types of
data


ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 4 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Structure
Describe how messages are communicated
Data is sent across a network in small chunks called
segments
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 5 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Multiplexing occurs when the segments of two or more
messages can shuffle into each other and share the
medium
Segmentation-Networks can more efficiently send
message through different routes if necessary.
Because Internet is always adjusting routes for
efficiency
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 6 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Structure
Define the components of a network
Network components-Path that a message takes from source
to destination
hardware- Laptop, PC, switch or cabling used to
connect devices
software- Communication Programs . Email hosting
services, and Web hosting services

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 7 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Structure
End Devices and their Role in the Network
End devices form interface with human network &
communications network
Role of end devices:
client- Request information and services
server- Reply with the requested information
both client and server-
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 8 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Example end devices are as follows:
1.Computers, Workstations, Laptops and servers
2.Network Printers
3.Voice over IP phones
4.Cameras
5.PDAs
6.Remote Monitoring stations for weather observation
Host address is a unique physical address used by
hosts inside a LAN
When host sends a message to another host it uses the
physical address of the destination device
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 9 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Structure
Identify the role of an intermediary device in a data
network and be able to contrast that role with the role of
an end device
Role of an intermediary device
Connect individual hosts to the network and
connect multiple networks to form an internetwork
provides connectivity and ensures data flows
across network


ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 10 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Intermediary Devices
Network access devices- Connect End users to
network Ex: Hubs, Switches and Access Points
Internetwork Devices Connect one network to one or
more networks. Ex: Router
Communication Servers- Route services such IPTV
and wireless broadband
Modems- Connect users to servers
Security Devices- Secure the network with devices
such as Firewalls
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 11 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Intermediary Devices perform:
1. Regenerate and retransmits data signals
2. Maintain information about what pathways exist
through the network and internetwork
3. Notify other devices of errors
4.Direct data along alternate pathways
5. Classify and direct message according to Qos
6. Permit or deny the flow of data based on security
settings
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 12 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 13 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Structure
Define network media and criteria for making a network
media choice
Network media
this is the channel over which a message travels
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 14 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Each media uses different methods of encode
messages
Encoding messages refers to the way data is converted
to patters of electrical, light or electromagnetic energy
carried on the medium
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 15 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Media Copper Ex: Twisted Pair, Encoding Electrical
Pulses
Fiber Optic, Glass or plastic Fibers, Light Pulses
Wireless Connects local users through the air,
Electromagnetic waves
Administrator must consider when choosing network
media
1.Distance the media carry the signal
2. Environment on which media works
3. Bandwidth requirements for users
4. Cost of installation
5. Cost of connectors
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 16 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Types
Define Local Area Networks (LANs)- Group of end devices
and users under the control of a common administration
- A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a
Local Area Network (LAN)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 17 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Types
Define Wide Area Networks (WANs)- Used to connect
LANs that are located geographically far apart
- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a
network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)


ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 18 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Types
Define the Internet
The internet is defined as a
global mesh of interconnected networks
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 19 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Internetwork- Collection of two or more LANs
connected by WANs
Intranet- Closed to Public, Open for employees to
browse
ISP also TSPs connect their customers to the Internet.
Customer can be a home user, a company or a
government Institution
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 20 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Types
Describe network representations
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 21 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Network Representations
NIC
Physical Port
Interface
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 22 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
The importance of protocols and how they are used to
facilitate communication over data networks
A protocol is a set of predetermined rules

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 23 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Explain network protocols
Network protocols are used
to allow devices to
communicate
successfully

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 24 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Describe Protocol suites and industry standards








A standard is
a process or protocol that has been endorsed by the
networking industry and ratified by a standards organization
IEEE and IETF
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 25 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Define different protocols and how they interact

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 26 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
HTTP:Governs the way that a web server and web client interact
Defines the content and formatting of the requests and responses
exchanged between the client and server
TCP: Manages individual conversations between web servers and
web clients
Divides HTTP messages into smaller pieces called segments
Internetwork Protocol: IP encapsulates segments into packets
assigning the address and selects the best path to the destination
Network Access Protocol: Data Link Management and Physical
transmission of data on the media
Data Link protocols take the IP packets and format them to be
transmitted over the media
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 27 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Technology independent Protocols
-Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the
same sets of protocols. This is because protocols specify
network functionality, not the underlying technology to support
this functionality.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 28 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Explain the benefits of using a layered model
Benefits include
assists in protocol design
fosters competition
changes in one layer do not affect other layers
provides a common language



ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 29 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Describe TCP/IP Mode


ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 30 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation
Each layer adds control information called PDU

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 31 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Describe the Communication Process
Ex: Email

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 32 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Describe the process of sending and receiving
messages


ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 33 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Explain protocol and
reference models
A protocol model
provides a model that
closely matches the
structure of a particular
protocol suite.

A reference model
provides a common
reference for
maintaining
consistency within all
types of network
protocols and services.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 34 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Define OSI

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 35 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Compare OSI and TCP/IP model

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 36 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Addressing and Naming Schemes
Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used
to manage communication in data networks


ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 37 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Addressing and Naming Schemes
Describe examples of Ethernet MAC Addresses, IP
Addresses, and TCP/UDP Port numbers

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 38 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Addressing and Naming Schemes
Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used
to manage communication in data networks

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 39 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Addressing and Naming Schemes
Describe how information in the encapsulation header
is used to identify the source and destination processes
for data communication

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 40 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Summary
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1 41 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public