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Chapter 9 – Industrial
Revolution
Textbook Review
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Section One

THE BEGINNINGS OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
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Key Terms
• Industrial Revolution: The shift, beginning in England
during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to
making them by machine. The Revolution later expanded
to North America and Continental Europe. (253)
• Enclosure: One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created
by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly
worked by village farmers. Landowners used the fields to
experiment and discover more productive farming
methods. (253).
• Crop Rotation: The system of growing a different crop in a
field each year to preserve the fertility of the land. It was
one of the best developments of the scientific farmers and
greatly contributed to an increase in crop yield. (253).
• Industrialization: The development of industries for the
machine production of goods. It required natural resources
to begin to grow, and since Great Britain was full of
resources, industrialization grew rapidly there. (254)
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Key Terms
• Factors of Production: The resources including land, capital,
and labor, that are needed to produce goods and services. The
goods and services helped further advance the spreading of the
Industrial Revolution. (254)
• Factories: Large building in which machinery is used to
manufacture goods. Factories were built up all over Great
Britain and the world during the Industrial Revolution. They
were originally built near sources of water so water could
operate the machinery. (255-256)
• Entrepreneurship: A person who organizes, manages, and
takes on the risk of a business. Entrepreneurs established
businesses and help invent new technology such as machinery,
railroads, and locomotives to fuel the Industrial Revolution.
(256-257)
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Background
• While political revolutions took place in France,
the US, and Latin America, Britain began to
undergo a series of drastic changes known as
the Industrial Revolution.
• Prior to the Revolution, work was mainly done
by hands, but machinery made the work faster
and more efficient.
• By the beginning of the 19th century, the
Industrial Revolution had spread throughout
most of England was beginning to spread to the
rest of the world.
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The Agricultural Revolution

• Small farmlands covered England’s
landscape, and farmers needed to
find better methods of farming.
• Beginning in the 1700s, large
landowners improved farming
methods tremendously.
• Large landowners start to see the
benefits of farmland!
• Large landowners took land back
from peasants. Due to investments
from the Nobility, factories began
to rise and many peasants decided
to work in them instead. Those
that remained on the land were
forced off by the Enclosure Acts.
• The Enclosure Acts: they were
parliamentary laws enforcing the
owning of private property. Land
titles could only be given to Nobles.
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The Agricultural Revolution

• The Enclosure Acts allowed the Nobles to buy the land
back from the peasants, move them to cities to work in
factories, and build fences around their farms.
• The laws maximized profits for Nobles on the farmland
and peasants could become factory workers  began
Industrial Revolution.
• New Farming Methods:
– The seed drill allowed farmers to specifically place seeds at
certain depths in the soil.
– Crop rotation enabled fields to be used for more years and
in more seasons.
– As farming techniques increased, so did the population, and
farming becomes a very BIG industry.
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Why Britain?
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great
Britain for a number of reasons.
• Great Britain had a large population of
workers.
• Extensive natural resources: water power
and coal to fuel machines, iron ore for
construction, rivers for transportation, and
harbors for merchant ships.
• Expanding economy that allowed for loans
to be taken to invest in factories and
machinery.
• Very politically stable at the time, no wars
fought on British soil. Parliament also
passed laws to aide in industrial
expansion.
• Had the three factors of production, land,
labor, and capital.
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Textile Industry Expands

• Britain’s textile industry expanded tremendously
during the Industrial Revolution.
• Several inventions led to the expansion:
– Flying Shuttle: doubled the work a weaver could do
daily.
– Spinning Jenny: allowed one worker to spin eight
threads at a time
– Water Frame: used water power from streams to power
machinery
– Spinning Mule: Combination of Spinning Jenny/Water
Frame. Had finer, stronger, and more consistent thread
than earlier machinery.
– Power loom: Run by water power, the invention
drastically sped up weaving.
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Factories
• Now that all of the
machines were being
created, they needed to
be put somewhere.
• As a result, factories
were built to house the
machinery.
• At first, they were built
near streams for water
power.
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Transportation
• With the rise in industry, new methods of
transportation were created.
• The steam engine was used in mining but was
expensive to run due to high fuel costs and
traveled very slowly.
• James Watt solved the problem by making it
faster and burn less fuel in 1765.
• Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine to be run
on water, and it was so successful, that England
built 4,250 miles of channels for transportation.
• John McAdam helped with drainage on
highways and rocks replaced dirt on roads,
making road transportation easier.
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Transportation
• Richard Trevithick was able to
create a steam-driven locomotive to
carry iron ore.
• The success of the locomotive
inspired Britain to build the
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad,
which opened in 1830.
• Advancements in transportation
made it cheaper for manufactures to
transport goods, it created jobs,
helped bolster agriculture and
fishing industries, and finally
encouraged people to take distant
jobs.
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Section Two

INDUSTRIALIZATION
(CASE STUDY:
MANCHESTER)
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Key Terms
• Urbanization: the growth of cities and the
migration of people into them. (258)
• Middle Class: a social class comprised of
skilled workers, professionals, business people,
and wealthy farmers in Britain. They gained a
tremendous amount of wealth during the
Industrial Revolution. (259)
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Rise in Cities
• After 1800 in England, the
majority of people were living
in cities instead of rural areas.
• People moved to cities in
search of cheaper living
environments and for jobs.
• Factories developed in large
cities.
• London became Europe’s
largest city
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Living Conditions
• No plans, no sanitary codes, and no building
codes were in existence
• People lacked adequate housing, education,
and police protection for the huge population
• Streets were mostly unpaved and were dirty.
• Sicknesses such as Cholera, Tuberculoses, and
Typhoid became widespread due to the lack of
sanitation.
• People in urban cities had a life expectancy of
only 17 years!
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Working Conditions
• Factory owners kept workers
for most hours of the day.
• The average worker worked
14 hours a day, 6 days a
week.
• Factories were dangerous
for workers, dangerous
machinery and factory
explosions.
• Government didn’t protect
the workers.
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Class Tensions
• The Industrial Revolution improved life for
the Nobles and the Middle Class.
• The new middle class comprised of skilled
workers, professionals, business people, and
factory owners began to dominate society.
• However, poor workers still saw no
improvements in their daily lives.
• Factory workers grew angry and followed the
Luddites, a mythical group, and smashed
and destroyed machinery.
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Positive Effects of the Reviews

Revolution
• It created jobs for workers.
• It contributed to the
overall wealth of the
nation.
• If fostered technological
progress.
• It increased the production
of goods and raised the
standard of living.
• It provided hope for
improvement in other
areas of life such as
slavery, equality, and
government.
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Children in Factories
• Children joined as young as six to help their
parents in the factories in order to make money.
• Worker for over 12 hours a day, six days a week
and were often beat.
• Children were injured in machinery and became
sick.
• The First Factory Act was finally passed in 1819
and helped control working age and hours for
children.
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The Environment
• Became very polluted.
• Rivers were polluted  led to
diseases. (see “Living Conditions”
above)
Section Three

INDUSTRIALIZATION
SPREADS
Key Terms
•Corporation – A business
owned by stockholders who
share in its profits but are not
personally reliable for its debts
(264-265).
 Industrialization in the U.S. -
Causes
• Resources – rivers,
coal iron, immigrant
laborers.
• Blockade by Britain
forced Americans to
develop their own
industries and sources
of resources to replace
those Britain had
stopped providing.
 Industrialization in the U.S.
(263-264)
• Began in textile industry with people such as Samuel
Slater immigrating with secret British plans for machines.
– Stole plans fore spinning machines.
• Francis Cabot Lowell along with four others created a
large factory in Waltham, Mass. For weaving. This
industrialized town becomes a model for many others.
• Workers (usually single women) flock to towns such as
Waltham for a job at textile factories.
– Met as a good alternative to being a servant for many.
• Skilled workers and farmers begin to open new factories
in new towns based off this model.
 Later Expansion of US
Industry
• Boom of technology caused by similar
situations as Britain’s: oil, coil, iron, natural
resources, a burst of inventions and the
introduction of the telephone.
• 280,000 miles of railroads are built over
the entire United States (48
states)creating another profitable business
and opening opportunities to many.
– To build projects such as these, however,
people needed to raise great deals of money.
To do this, they made their business a
corporation (see key terms).
 Industrialism in Continental
Europe
• As Continental nations in
Europe watched the rising
gap between Britain and
themselves, they cleaned
up their nations from the
Napoleonic Era.
• Eventually, however, the
nations did begin to leap
forward and catch up to
great Britain.
 Beginnings in Belgium
• Led Europe in adopting Britain’s new technology
• Had waterways and iron.
• William Cockerill carried secret plans from Britain
of the spinning machine, which his son later built
in Belgium.
• His son, John opened a massive factory
producing steam engines and railway
locomotives.
• British workers come to work under John.
 Germany Industrializes
• Children sent to
England to learn
industrial
management.
• Copied British
model.
• Built railroads
that linked
growing cities
with iron and
coal deposits.
 Expansion Throughout
Europe
• Industrialization in the rest of Europe goes
by region, rather than country.
• In France, continual industrial growth
began to occur when railroads were
constructed.
• Some nations did not industrialize due to
geography and transportation issues.
– For example, Spain lacked both waterways and
good roads.
 Rise of Global Inequality
• Widens gap between industrialized and non-
industrialized countries.
• Industrialized countries view poor countries as
their market.
• Poor countries tend to provide industrialized
countries with resources.
• Britain leads in exploiting colonies for
resources.
• Soon other nations such as U.S., and Russia
also begin colonizing to catch up to Britain.
• Imperialism is born out of the development of
new markets around the world, and the need
to colonize.
 Transformation of Society
• Revolutions in agriculture,
production, transportation and
communication change lives
forever.
• Europe receives tremendous
economic leverage over poorer
nations.
• Goods are produced quicker and
cheaper.
• Population, health and wealth all
rise dramatically in industrialized
nations.
• Greater democratic participation,
more reform.