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Logging involves recording rock characteristics as a function of depth during and after drilling. There are two main types of logging: mud logging during drilling to record rock type, hardness, and fluid content, and wireline logging after drilling using instruments to record resistivity, density, radioactivity, and other properties. Wireline logging can be openhole before casing or casedhole using special instruments like gamma ray and caliper logs. The goal of log data analysis is quantitative and qualitative interpretation to identify productive layers through porosity, water saturation, and hydrocarbon calculations.
Logging involves recording rock characteristics as a function of depth during and after drilling. There are two main types of logging: mud logging during drilling to record rock type, hardness, and fluid content, and wireline logging after drilling using instruments to record resistivity, density, radioactivity, and other properties. Wireline logging can be openhole before casing or casedhole using special instruments like gamma ray and caliper logs. The goal of log data analysis is quantitative and qualitative interpretation to identify productive layers through porosity, water saturation, and hydrocarbon calculations.
Logging involves recording rock characteristics as a function of depth during and after drilling. There are two main types of logging: mud logging during drilling to record rock type, hardness, and fluid content, and wireline logging after drilling using instruments to record resistivity, density, radioactivity, and other properties. Wireline logging can be openhole before casing or casedhole using special instruments like gamma ray and caliper logs. The goal of log data analysis is quantitative and qualitative interpretation to identify productive layers through porosity, water saturation, and hydrocarbon calculations.
Department of Geological Engineering Faculty of Engineering Gadjah Mada University Lecture slides for Exploration Geophysics Djoko Wintolo LOGGING An activity to record the rock characteristics as a function of the depth. Recording during drilling activities while there are a mud and water materials is called as MUD LOGGING (lithological logging). The recorded data: Rocks type, Hardness/ compaction, Fluid content. Recording after drilling activities by using a wire line tool (instrument) named as WIRELINE LOGGING. The recorded data: Rock Resistivity, Rock density. Mud cake thickness, Radioactivity of rocks, Acoustic properties, Formation temperatur, etc.
Djoko Wintolo WIRELINE LOGGING OPENHOLE LOGGING Logging in a well before completing phase (before casing/ pipe construction). All of logging instruments can be worked. CASEDHOLE LOGGING Logging after well completing (casing construction) : Only for special instruments: - Gammaray-log - Caliper-log - NMR - CBL
Djoko Wintolo Data Analysis from Wireline Log Objective / goal: Made an quantitative and qualitative interpretations from logging data for identify the productive / prospective layers. Djoko Wintolo QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION It is based on deflection pattern in the logging recorded paper which the curves are influenced by lithology and formation fluid content.
To justified the lithology or rock layer formation. To detect the porous / permeable layers and estimate the rocks fluid content . - Estimate the oil, gas and water layer / formation. - Estimate the position of GOC / WOC As a base data for qualitative interpretations. Djoko Wintolo QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION By using the equations or charts to calculate the reservoir parameters from log data (Rw, Rt, b, f, m , dll) Porosity () Water Saturation (Sw) Saturation of Hydrocarbon remains (Shr) Saturation of Hydrocarbon mobile (Shm) Initial hydrocarbon reserve in volumetric form Original/ Initial Oil In Place (OOIP/IOIP) Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Types of LOG 1. LITHOLOGIC LOG 2. RESISTIVITY LOG 3. POROSITY LOG Djoko Wintolo LITHOLOGIC LOG Type of Log (instrument) which used to measure the lithology that are drilled in well operation. - SP - log - Gamma Ray - log - Caliper - log Djoko Wintolo RESISTIVITY LOG Type of log (instrument) which used to measure the resistivity value of rock. - Log SP - Log Normal - Microlog - Microlaterolog - Laterolog - Induction Log - MSF Djoko Wintolo POROSITY LOG Type of log (instrument) that measure or detect the porosity of rocks. - Density - log - Neutron - log - Sonic - log Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo The Lithologic description (mud-loggig) by a wellsite geologist as a part of drilling report Djoko Wintolo Some type of wireline logging ( records) Djoko Wintolo Image scanner logging Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo UGIS-11 housing, made by Rusia Djoko Wintolo Logging for groundwater study Djoko Wintolo Geochemical logging Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Process of Interpretation
Identify potential reservoir intervals; distinguish non-permeable, non-reservoir intervals from porous potential intervals. Estimate thickness of the potential reservoirs. Determine lithology (rock type) of the potential reservoirs. Calculate porosity (). Determine resistivity of formation water (Rw). Calculate water saturations (Sw, Sxo) using resistivity (Rt, Rxo). Estimate in-place and movable hydrocarbons.
Djoko Wintolo Resistivity logs do not always measure resistivity directly. Some resistivity logs (actually induction logs) measures conductivity instead which is the reciprocal of resistivity. 1 x 1000 resistivity (ohms /m) = ------------ (millimhos/m) conductivity
Induction logs are used in wells drilled with a relatively fresh-water mud (low salinity) to obtain more accurate value of true resistivity. Djoko Wintolo Spontaneous Potential (SP log)
The SP log is a measurement of the natural potential difference or self potential between an electrode in the borehole and a reference electrode at the surface (problem with offshore wells, no ground). No artificial currents are applied.
Three factors are necessary to produce an SP current: 1. a conductive fluid in the borehole, 2. a porous and permeable bed surrounded by an impermeable formation, and 3. a difference in salinity (or pressure) between the borehole fluid and the formation fluid. Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Nuclear logs 3 Principles:
1. Detection of radiation resulting from natural radioactivity 2. Measure absorption of -radiation emitted by controlled source 3. Measure penetration of -radiation emitted by controlled neutron source
Only -r adiation and neutrons have appreciable penetrating power
Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Thermal logging 1. To determine heat flow (geothermal) 2. To locate thermal anomalies caused by fluid flow 3. Abnormal radioactivity 4. Oxidation regions Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Well-logging in coal exploration Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Djoko Wintolo Thanks You Djoko Wintolo Referensi 1. Asquith, George B, Log Evaluation of Shaly Sandstone: A Practical Guide, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa Oklahoma. 2. Desbrandes, R, Encyclopedia of Well Logging, Gulf Publishing Company Book Division, Houston, Texas, 1985. 3. Dewan, John T, Essential of Modern Open-Hole Log Interpretation, Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa Oklahoma, 1983. 4. Harsono Adi, Evaluasi Formasi dan Aplikasi Log. 5. Helander, Donald P, Fundamental of Formation Evaluation, OGCI Publications, Oil and Gas Consultants International Inc, Tulsa, 1983. 6. Pirson, Sylvain J, Well Log Analysis for Oil and Gas Formation Evaluation, Prentice Hall, Inc Englewood Cliffs, New Jork, 1963. 7. Wyllie M.R.J, The Fundamental of Well Log Interpretation, 3th Edition Academic Press, Inc 1963. Djoko Wintolo