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35-47pt



24-28pt

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IP Basis
Applicable to Staff with Skill Certificate Level II or Lower
Released by GU Product Support Dept.
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Version Introduction
References:
1.
2.
Version Date Author Checked by Amendment Record
R1.0 2010-04-21 Lei Haiting ***
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Course Objectives:
To understand the basic concepts of IP
transmission
To understand IP application in UMTS
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20-22pt

Contents
IP Basis

IP Transport in UMTS

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20-22pt

IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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20-22pt

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18pt

The ISO OSI- RM
Application
Network
Physical


Data Link

Session
Transport
Presentation
International Standardization Organization
Open Systems Interconnection-Reference Model

internationally accepted framework for data networks
essential to understand data communication principles
allows different systems to interconnect
Protocols are used at different levels for
communication
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20-22pt

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18pt

The ISO OSI- RM
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
10Base- T, EIA 232- D
Two sublayers, Mac and LLC
Bit level error checking
Routing functionality
Addressing and address resolution
Routing table maintenance
Data level error checking
Reliable end to end data transmission
Establishment, removal, and synchronization
of sessions between two processes
Data Conversion
Protocol Conversion
Provides the user with access to the network
environment
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18pt

OSI Reference Model- Layers and Protocols
Entity (N+1) Entity (N+1) Layer (N+1)
(N+1)SAP (N+1)SAP
Protocol (N+1)
(N)SAP (N)SAP
Service (N+1)
Service (N)
SDU SDU
PDU PDU
Primitives of Layer (N+1) Primitives of Layer (N+1)
Entity (N) Entity (N) Layer (N)
Protocol (N)
SDU SDU
PDU PDU
(N-1)SAP (N-1)SAP Service (N-1)
1 : Physical
2 : Data Link
3 : Network
4 : Transport
5 : Session
6 : Presentation
7 : Application
Open Systems
Interconnection
Reference Model
Physical bearer
of interconnection
SAP = Service Access Point
SDU = Service Data Unit
PDU = Protocol Data Unit
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OSI Reference Model- Communication between Layers
Layer N SDU
Layer N PDU
Header
Layer N PDU
Trailer
Layer N PDU Payload
Layer N + 1
Data
SAP
SAP
Layer (N+1)
Layer (N)
Layer (N-1)
Layer N-1 SDU
Layer N-1 PDU
Header
Layer N-1 PDU
Trailer
Layer N-1 PDU Payload
N-SDU
N-PDU
N-PCI
PCI =
Protocol
Control
Information
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20-22pt

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18pt

OSI vs TCP/IP
TCP/IP Protocol Stack OSI RM
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18pt

OSI vs TCP/IP-protocols
Ethernet Token Bus Token Ring FDDI
Internet Protocol
ARP
TELNET FTP SMTP DNS SNMP DHCP
Datalink
Physical
Network
Transport
Application
Presentation
Session
ICMP
IGMP
RTP
RTCP
Transmission
Control Protocol
User Datagram
Protocol
OSPF
RIP
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Standard Applications
TELNET: Provides remote terminal emulation
FTP: Provides a file transfer protocol
TFTP: Provides for a simple file transfer protocol
SMTP: Provides a mail service
DNS: Provides for a name service
BOOTP/DHCP: Provides for management of IP parameters
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18pt

Encapsulation-Principles
Workstation
Data
TCP Segment
Datagram
Packet
Application
TCP
IP
Data Link
Frame
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Data Encapsulation Process-1
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Data Encapsulation Process-2
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18pt

IGP & EGP

Routing protocol Vs Routable protocol.

A routing protocol is one that is used to propagate route
path information on a network.
A routable protocol is one that has the ability to be routed
as opposed to a non routable protocol such as NetBIOS.

IGPs are used as routing protocols within an AS.

EGPs are used as routing protocols between ASs.
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18pt

Fragmentation-MTU
Datagram!!
1600 bytes
Not more than
MTU bytes !!
Ok, Ill send it
in 2 steps!!
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30-32pt



20-22pt

IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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18pt

IP vs MAC
Physical Address
Physical Address: NIC numbers
44-45-53-54-00-00
IP addresses of PC connected to the Network.
129.21.10.49

IP addresses are not the same as the
underlying data-link (MAC) addresses.
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18pt

IP Address Basics
32 bit addresses divided into four 8 bit fields.
Decimal Dotted Notation.
136.147.117.33
The first part of the address identifies the
network while the second part specifies the host
number.
Three classes of addresses.
Host Address Network Address
Address
Identifier
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Addresses Classes
Uses the first two bytes of the address to identify the network number.
Allows for 16,384 network numbers.
Allows for 65,354 hosts per network number.
128 - 191 in the first field with 0 - 255 in the second field allowed.
Uses the first byte of the address for a network number.
Allows for up to 126 network addresses.
0 and 127 are reserved
Allows for up to 16,277,214 hosts per network ID.
The host field cannot have all 0s or all 1s.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0 NET ID Host ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 0 NET ID Host ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 1 0 NET ID Host ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 1 1 0 Multicast address in the range of 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 1 1 1 0 Class E - Reserved for future use
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Address Classes
Class Network ID First Host Last Host
A
First Network 1.0.0.0 1.0.0.1 1.255.255.254
Last Network 126.0.0.0 126.0.0.1 126.255.255.254
B
First Network 128.1.0.0 128.1.0.1 128.1.255.254
Last Network 191.254.0.0 191.254.0.1 191.254.255.254
C
First Network 192.0.1.0 192.0.1.1 192.0.1.254
Last Network 223.255.254.0 223.255.254.1 223.255.254.254
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Subnet Mask
10001000 10010011 11001000 00000101
The network
The host
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
255.255.240.0
/20
136.147.200.5/20
136.147.200.5
The sub network
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IP Address Restrictions
Address cannot have the first four bits set to 1.
Class A address of 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback.
The host portion of the address cannot be set to all 0 s or all 1 s.
All 0 s and all 1 s are allowed in the subnet.
Any address with all 0 s in the network portion corresponds to the
local network.
Old form of broadcasting (all 0 s in the address) is no longer used.
IP addresses may be configured without registration.
Addresses cannot be out of the 255 range for each byte.
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20-22pt

IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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18pt

TCP/IP comprises two types of services: connectionless service, and
service oriented toward connection.

Basic distribution services are connectionless, and reliable service
oriented toward connection is based on the connectionless service.

Connectionless internet packet exchange can be extended: This service
allows the source to transfer data packets over Internet. With the
destination address, each data packet looks for the correct path
independently.

The source host generates a data packet, saves the destination address in
its header, and sends the packet to an adjacent router. When the router gets
the packet, it will choose the next-hop router that can lead to the
destination and transmit the packet to it. In this way, the data packet goes
through a number of routers and arrives at it destination.
Internet Protocol(IP)
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Format of IP Datagram:
Datagram is a data packet that crosses over TCP/IP network.

Each datagram comprises two parts: header and data. The header
contains the source and the destination address while the data contains user
data.

The datagram length is changeable, but it should not exceed 64 KB.
IP Datagram and Route
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18pt

Transmission of IP Datagram:
IP Datagram and Route
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18pt

IP Address and Route Table Entrance:
IP Datagram and Route
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18pt

IP address is an abstract address provided by the software while the
physical network hardware doesnt know how to find another computer
via IP address.
Before the datagram are transferred, the next-hop IP address must be
translated into equivalent hardware address (hardware address). The
mapping between IP address and hardware address is called address
resolution;
Before a host or a router transfers datagram to another host in the
same physical network, address resolution must be performed;
It is unnecessary for a computer to perform address resolution on the
computer connected in a remote network (i.e. different physical
network).
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
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Address resolution messages are distributed as follows:
Computer A starts to broadcast an application message that contains
the IP address of Computer B;
All the computers get the application message;
Only Computer B replies Computer A with a response message.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
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18pt

Address Resolution Protocol Operation-1
ARP
Request
Here is my
MAC address
129.1.1.1
B
C 129.1.1.4
Not
me
Not
me
Thats
me
Request
Ignored
Request
Ignored
ARP Response
Accepted
Give me the MAC address of station 129.1.1.4
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18pt

Address Resolution Protocol Operation-2
ARP
Request
Here is my
MAC address
129.1.1.1
B
C 129.1.1.4
Not
me
Not
me
Thats
me
Request
Ignored
Request
Ignored
ARP Response
Accepted
Give me the MAC address of station 129.1.1.4
Ill remember it
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20-22pt

IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
Internal Only
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18pt

The Transport Layer
Application
Network
Physical


Data Link

Session
Transport
Presentation
Transport Layer
IP
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
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18pt

TCP is a service provided to application.

As a protocol at the transfer layer, TCP provides TCP/IP stack with
reliable communication. It functions includes:

Communication oriented toward connection;
Point-to-point communication;
Complete reliability;
Full-duplex communication;
Streaming interfaces;
Reliable connection establishment;
Perfect disconnection.
TCP
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18pt

TCP Header Fields

Reserved


Data
offset

Window

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Source port


Destination port


Sequence number


Acknowledgment number

U
R
G
A
C
K
P
S
H
R
S
T
S
Y
N
F
I
N

Checksum


Urgent pointer


<== Options ==>


Padding


TCP data

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The Three-Way Handshake
station A
station B
T I M E
Receipt of data
ISN SYN
SENT
LISTEN
SYN
RECEIVED
ESTAB
SYN
SENT
ESTAB
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18pt

Connection Management
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Sequence Number & Acknowledgment
station A
station B
Ack=94
90
90
97
94
97
94
94
Ack=101
101
90
Dealing with Errors (1/2)
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Sequence Number & Acknowledgment
station A
station B
Ack=97
90
90
94
94
90
97
97
Ack=101
101
90
Ack=97
Dealing With Errors (2/2)
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18pt

Window Management
Sender Receiver
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Retransmission
station A
station B
RTT
SRTT
New
= a x SRTT
old
+ (1 - a) x RTT
Ill wait for RTO = b x SRTT ms, but not more than UBOUND
ms and not less than LBOUND ms.
If I dont receive an acknowledgment, Ill retransmit.
RTO = min [UBOUND, max (LBOUND, b x SRTT)]
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Flow Control
RTO
station A
station B
Congestion Window =Window B
Congestion Window =Congestion Window/2
Allowed Window =min (Window B, Congestion Window)
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UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol. It features high
efficiency but it is not reliable.

TCP is mainly used to transfer large messages, such as FTP and TELNET
while UDP is used to transfer small messages such as address inquiry and
database inquiry. UDPs reliability is ensured by the application program.

UDP is the upper layer of IP. Both of them are connectionless
communication. Their difference is that UDP provides protocol port while IP
provides host IP address.

Because UDP is connectionless communication, so it is unnecessary to
establish or cancel connection or to have error check and flow control. UDP
can be used to transfer data in real-time.
UDP
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18pt

UDP length: includes the 8-byte header and the data.
UDP checksum is optional and stored as 0 if not computed.
source port
UDP length UDP checksum
destination port
Data area
0 16 31
UDP header
UDP data
UDP header UDP data
IP header IP data
UDP message:
UDP Message Format
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20-22pt

IP Basic Concepts
IP Address
TCP/IP-IP Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
IP Basis Subdirectories
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18pt

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to report messages
or errors during datagram transmission.

ICMP uses the basic IP support as if it is a superior protocol. Actually ICMP
is an integrated part of IP and each IP module should finish ICMP;

ICMP message is sent out in the following cases:
(1) A datagram cannot reach its destination,
(2) The router has no enough cache buffer to transmit datagram, or
(3) The router can instruct the host to transmit datagram through a shorter path.

There are no ICMP messages about ICMP messages to avoid endless
message-related messages;

ICMP messages only report the errors of No.0 segment.
ICMP
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Domain Name Resolution: Translate a domain name into an IP address;
Application software uses domain name while TCP/IP uses IP address.
Therefore, a domain name must be translated into the IP address for
communication;
The software for domain name resolution is called the domain name
analyzer software. Each computer connected in the network is equipped with
domain name analyzer software;
Each domain name analyzer has the address of the local domain name
server (DNS);
As the client of DNS, the analyzer puts the domain name to be analyzed in
the DNS application message, send it to the local DNS, and then waits for the
servers reply message that contains the domain name analysis.
DNS
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When an application needs to have domain name resolution, the application
becomes the client of the DNS;
The client places the domain name that is to be analyzed into the DNS
application message and sends it to DNS;
The server abstracts domain name from the application message, translates
it into equivalent IP address and then sends it back to application through the
reply message;
DNS Hierarchical Structure: DNS is hierarchical to match the hierarchical
structure of the same domain name;
The root server is at the top of the hierarchical structure. It is authorized by
the top-level domain. The root server contains information that arrives at other
servers.
DNS
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DHCP provides various hosts with various configuration
information to access TCP/IP;

For DHCP standard, please refer to RFC1541. It comes
from BOOTP.

DHCP is in a client/server mode. The server has two major
functions: to assign host IP address and transfer other network
configuration parameters for the host.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
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Contents
IP Basis

IP Transport in UMTS

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18pt

SCTP Functional Structure
SCTP user
application
start &
suspend
connection
stream sequential
transmission
user data
segmentation
confirm & avoid
congestion
bind data blocks
verify packets
manage paths
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18pt

OMCB channel
Node B
Node B
RNC
IP RAN
OMCB flow
OMCB Server
(in RNC rack)
IP in IP tunnel
Use IP in IP tunnel to assure OMCB traffic must be
transported through RNC


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OMCB Protocol stack and packet format
Node B Router RNC
IP(OMM)
OMCB

IP(OMM)
PHY
Ethernet
IP(OMM)
OMCB
PHY
Ethernet

IPOMM
Agent
1 2
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.4.1
10.3.1.1 10.2.1.1
10.2.1.16
1
1 2 2
Dest. IP
10.3.1.1
Orig. IP
10.1.1.1
Dest. IP
10.2.1.16
Orig. IP
10.1.1.1
.
Inner IP head Outer IP head Data
1
Dest. IP
10.2.1.16
Orig. IP
10.1.1.1
.
IP head Data
2
Orig. IP
10.3.1.1
Dest. IP
10.1.1.1
Orig. IP
10.2.1.16
Dest. IP
10.1.1.1
.
Inner IP head Outer IP head Data
2
PHY
Ethernet
PHY
Ethernet

IP
PHY
Ethernet
IP
PHY
IP
Routing
Ethernet
IP
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DHCP Procedure In UMTS
Node B
Router
DHCP Discover (broadcast)
DHCP Offer (unicast)
RNC
DHCP Discover (unicast)
DHCP Offer (unicast)
Any broadcast/multicast (e.g. ARP,
VRRP hello)
1
2
3
4
5
OMC-B
Server
DHCP Request (broadcast)
DHCP ACK (unicast)
DHCP Request (unicast)
DHCP ACK (unicast)
6
7
8
9
10
Connect request
Connect response (IP in IP)
Connect request (IP in IP)
Connect response
Configuration download (IP in IP)
11
12
13
14
Connect request
Connect request (IP in IP)
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Course Review
Is 172.168.44.30/29 and 172.168.44.50/29 in the same subnet? And why?
Describe the OMCB channel in IP mode.
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