Knitting

Technology





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Chapter 1 The Definition of knitting
1.1 The Fabric Forming Method
There are 3 kinds of fabric forming
method, the weaving, the knitting and
the non-woven.
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The weaving
By interlacing two sets of yarns at
right angles into fabric
A conventional woven fabric is a textile
structure formed on a loom when two
sets of yarns are interlaced at right
angles. The longitudinal yarns are
known as the warp and the widthwise
as the weft.
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The Knitting
By intermeshing the loops of yarn
into fabric
Normally, the knitted structure consists
of one set of yarn, weft or warp, and is
divided into weft knitted fabric and warp
knitted fabric.
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The Non-woven
By bonding fibers, filaments, yarns
or combinations of these into fabric
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1.2 knitting classification
knitting may be divided into two types
according to the formation method
Warp knitting and weft knitting
Warp knitting weft knitting
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1.2.1 Weft knitting
The yarn is feed into the needle along
the weft direction and knitted into fabric.

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1.2.2 Warp knitting
The yarn is feed into the needle along
the warp direction and knitted into fabric.

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1.3 Knitted structure
Knitted structure are progressively built
up by converting newly fed yarn into
new loops in the needle hooks, the
needles then draw these new loop
through the old loop.

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1.3.1 Knitted loop structure
(1) Loop: The
simplest unit of
knitted structure. It
consists of needle
loop and sinker
loop. The needle
loop include a head
and two side limbs.

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(2) Knitted Stitch
The basic unit of
intermeshing and usually
consists of three or more
intermeshed loops, the
center loop having been
drawn through the head of
the lower loop that had in
turn been intermeshed
through its head by the loop
which appears above it.
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(3) Face loop stitch
The side of the stitch shows the new loop
coming through towards the viewer as it passes
over and covers the head of the old loop. Face
loop tend to show the side limbs of the loops as
a series of intermeshing Vs.
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(4) Reverse loop stitch
This is the opposite side of the stitch to the
face loop side and shows the sinker loops in
weft knitting and the underlaps in warp
knitting.
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(5) Course
A course is a predominantly horizontal row of
loops produced by adjacent needles during the
same knitting cycle.
In weft knitted fabrics a course is composed of
yarn from a single supply.

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(6) Wale
A wale is a predominantly vertical column of
needle loops produced by the same needle
knitting at successive knitting cycles and thus
intermeshing each new loop through the previous
loop. In warp knitting a wale can be produced
from the same yarn.
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(7) Stitch density
(a) Wale density
The wales in a
centimeter or 5
centimeters or in an
inch along the course.

(b) Course density
The course in a
centimeter or 5
centimeters or in an
inch along the course.

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(8) Stitch length
The yarn length that form a loop.
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1.3.2 Knitted Fabric
(1) Single faced fabric
Single faced fabric is produced in warp and weft
knitting by the needles operating as a single set.
It shows the face loops in one side and the
reverse loops in another side.
(2) Double-faced fabric:
Double-faced fabric is produced in warp and weft
knitting when two sets of independently controlled
needles are employed.
It shows the face loops or the reverse loops in
both side.
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(3) Piece-goods
The fabric in a continuous
uninterrupted length of
constant width;
The fabric here need be
made up into apparel
through cutting and
sewing.

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(4) Garment
the fabric in a certain
length and width
which fit to the body-
size and Sometimes
with a certain shape
or fully fashion;
The Garment here
can be made up into
a sweater through
sewing but the cutting
is not necessary or
only a little cutting is
necessary.

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(5) Selvedged Fabric
A selvedged fabric is one having a self-edge to it
and can only be produced on machines whose
yarn reciprocate backwards and forwards across
the needle bed so that a selvedge is formed as
the yarn rises up to the next course at the edge of
the fabric.
(6) Tubular Fabric
Produced mainly in double faced form or single-
faced structure on circular machines.
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(7) Cut Edge Fabric
By slitting open a tube of fabric
produced on a circular machine.
A slit tube of fabric from a 30-inch
(76cm) diameter machine will have an
open width of 94 inches (2.38m) at
knitting before relaxation.
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1.4 Knitting Machine classification
1.4.1 Weft Knitting Machine
(1) Circular weft knitting machine
(a)Bearded needle machine
sinker wheel knitting machine
loop wheel knitting machine
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(b)Latch needle machine:
circular single jersey machine
rib machine
interlock machine
terry machine
3-thread fleecy machine
jacquard weft knitting machine
hosiery machine

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(2) Flat knitting machine (latch needle)
hand flat machine
computerized flat machine
glove machine
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(3) Straight bar frame (bearded needle)
(Cotton machine)

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1.4.2 Warp Knitting Machine
(1) Raschel warp knitting machine
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(2) Tricot warp knitting machine

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1.5 Machine Gauge
(1) The machine gauge is
determined as the number of needles in
one inch of needle bed i.e.2.54 cm.
(2) Machine gauge influences choice
of yarn and count, and affects fabric
properties such as appearance and
weight.

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1.6 Needle
1.6.1 Bearded needle
There are six main parts of the bearded
needle:
1-stem
2-head
3-beard
4-eye or groove
5-shank
6-tip

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1.6.2 Latch needle
The latch needle has five main features:
1-stem
2-hook
3-latch
4-rivet
5-butt

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1.6.3 Compound needle
it include two separately parts:
1-the needle
2-the tongue (close member)
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1.7 The Basic knitting Action

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1.7.1 Knitting Action of the Bearded Needle
(1)ClearingThe old loop is cleared from the hook to the
stem below the tip of the beard.
(2) Feeding: A new piece of yarn is fed onto the stem and
bringed into hook by the sinker wheel.
(3) Closing: The presser presses the beard and the tip of
beard enter the eye cut in stem. The new yarn therefore is
enclosed by beard.
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(4) Landing: The old loop moves upwards and is located
on the outside of the beard as soon as the beard is closed.
(5) Knocking-over and loop length formation: As the old
loop continues upwards the old loop slide off the needle
and the yarn is drawn through it forming a new loop.
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1.7.2 Knitting Action of the Latch Needle

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sinker top circular latch needle machine
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(1)Clearing
As the needle move upwards along the clearing cam, the
old loop slide inside the hook and is cleared from the
hook and latch spoon on to the stem. At this point the
feeder guide plate acts as a guard to prevent the latch
from closing the empty hook.
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(2) Yarn feeding and latch closing
The needle starts to descent the stitch cam so that its latch
is below the verge with the old loop moving under it. At
this time the new yarn is fed through a hole in the feeder
guide to the descending needle hook. The old loop
contacts the underside of the latch causing it to close on to
the hook.
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(3) Closing and landing:
As the needle continues downwards the latch is forced
to close under the influence of the old loop. The old
loop is located on the outside of the closed latch.
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(4) Knocking-over and loop length formation
As the head of the needle descends below the top of the
trick the old loop slides off the needle head draws the loop
length, which is approximately twice the distance the head
of the needle descends below the surface of the sinker or
trick-plate supporting the sinker loop.











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1.8 Knitting Notations
A knitting notation is a simple, easily
understood symbolic representation of a
knitting repeat sequence and its resultant
fabric structure which eliminates the need
for time consuming and possibly
confusing sketches and written
descriptions.
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1.8.1 Sketches of stitch
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1.8.2 Pattern grid
In a squared paper, each square represents a needle or a stitch
and the different symbol in a square represents a different type
stitch. For example, an X symbol in a square can represent a
face loop, an O is a back loop. The means of a symbol can be
defined by you self according to the stitch what is knitted. The
X can also is a tuck loop or a loop knitted with a certain color
yarn etc.
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1.8.2 Weft knitting thread path notation

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1.8.3 Warp Knitting Lapping Diagram

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Chapter 2
The Four Primary Base
Structure of Weft Knitted
Fabric

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There are four primary base structures:
plain, rib, interlock and purl, from which all
weft-knitted fabrics are derived.
Each is composed of a different combination
of face and reverse meshed stitches knitted
on a particular arrangement of needle beds.
Each primary structure may exist alone, in a
modified form, with stitches other than normal
cleared loops, or in combination with another
primary structure in a garment length
sequence.

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2.1 Plain Fabric (single jersey)
2.1.1 The Structure
Plain is produced by the needles
knitting as a single set, drawing
the loops away from the
technical back and towards the
technical face side of the fabric.
It is the base structure of ladies
hosiery, fully fashioned knitwear
and single jersey fabrics.
Plain is composed entirely of
face loops (or entirely of back
loops).
Its basic structure unit is only
one face loop (or one back loop).

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2.1.2 The characteristics
(1) The appearance of the face and back differ
The technical face is smooth, with the side limbs of the
needle loops having the appearance of columns of Vs In
the wales.
The technical back has an appearance of columns of
semi-circles formed by the heads of the needle loops and
the bases of the sinker loops.

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(2) Extensibility widthwise is approximately
twice that of the length direction. it normally has
a potential recovery of 40 per cent in width after
stretching.
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(3) The edges of the fabric tend to curl
or roll
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(4) A run (collapse of a wale) will occur if a cut or
exposed loop is stressed. The direction of collapse can
be either from top to bottom or vice versa
(5) The fabric can be unraveled, course by course from
the course knitted last or from the course knitted first

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(6) The fabric thickness is approximately 2
times the diameter of the yarn used.
(7) Plain is the simplest and most economical
weft knitted structure to produce and has the
maximum covering power.

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2.1.3 The knitting
(1) Producing by loop wheel or sinker
wheel bearded needle knitting machine
(2) Producing by sinker top (or open
top) circular latch needle machine
(3) Produced by flat knitting machine
(4) Produced by straight bar frame
(Cotton machine)
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2.2 Rib Fabric
2.2.1 The Structure
(1) Rib requires two sets of needles operating in between
each other so that wales of face stitches and wales of
reverse stitches are knitted on each side of the fabric.
The simplest rib fabric is 11 rib. It consists of alternate
face and back wales, where a face wale is composed
entirely of face loops and a back wale is composed entirely
of back loops.

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(2) There is a range of rib set-outs apart from 11 rib,
the fist figure in the designation indicates the number of
adjacent plain wales and the second figure, the number
of adjacent rib wales.
Single or simple ribs have more than one plain wale but
only one rib wale, such as 21,31,etc.
Broad rib has a number of adjacent rib as well as plain
wales, such as 63 Derby Rib.

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2.2.2 The characteristics of 11rib
(1) The appearance of the face and back
are identical (11rib, 22rib)
(2) The extensibility of the fabric
widthwise is approximately twice that of
single jersey. The lengthwise extensibility
is essentially the same as in single jersey.
(3) The fabric does not curl at the edges.
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2.2.2 The characteristics of 11rib
(4) A run will develop in the fabric if an exposed
loop is cut, as is the case for single knits, except
that the direction of collapse will be from top to
bottom only.
(5) The fabric can be unraveled course by course
but only from the end last knitted.

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2.2.2 The characteristics of 11rib
(6) The relaxed fabric is theoretically
twice as thick and half the width of an
equivalent single jersey fabric.
(7) Particularly suitable for the
extremities of articles such as tops of
socks, the cuffs of sleeves, rib borders
for garments, and strapping for
cardigans.
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2.2.3 Knitting
(1) Producing by body-size circular rib
machine
(2) Producing by double jacquard weft
knitting machine
(5) Produced by V-bed flat knitting
machine
(6) Produced by double cylinder
hosiery machine

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2.2.4 Knitting action
(1) Clearing.
The cylinder and
dial needles
move out to clear
the plain and rib
loops formed in
the previous
cycle.
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(2) Yarn Feeding.
The needle are
withdrawn into
their tricks so that
the old loops are
covered by the
open latches and
the new yarn is
fed into the open
hooks.
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(3) Knocking-over. The needles are
withdrawn into their tricks so that the old
loops are cast off and the new loops are
drawn through them.
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Rib knitting action

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2.2.4 Needle Timing
Needle timing is the relationship between the
loop-forming positions of the dial and cylinder
needles measured as a distance in needles
between the two stitch cam knock-over points.
There are three kind of timing:
(1)Synchronized timing
(2)Delayed, rib, or interlock timing
(3)Advanced timing

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2.3 Interlock Fabric
2.3.1 the structure
Interlock is composed of two 11 rib fabrics locked
together. It has the technical face of plain fabric on both
sides but its smooth surface cannot be stretched out to
reveal the reverse loop wales.

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2.3.2 the characteristics
(1) the appearance of the face and back is the same
(2) Extensibility widthwise and lengthwise are
approximately the same as single jersey
(3) The fabric does not curl at edges
(4) A run will develop in the fabric the direction of
which will be from the end last knitted. An interlock
fabric will run less freely than single jersey or rib
structure
(5) The fabric can be unraveled from the end last
knitted. Two yarns must be removed to unravel a
complete knitted course
(6) The thickness of the fabric is approximately
twice that of single jersey
(7) Interlock relaxes by about 30-40 percent
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2.3.2 Knitting
(1) Interlock gating. The needles in two beds must be
exactly opposite to each other so only one of the two
can knit at any feeder
(2) Two separate cam systems in each bed, each
controlling half the needles in an alternate sequence,
one cam system controls knitting at one feeder and the
other at the next feeder
(3) The needles are set out alternately; one controlled
from one cam system the next from the other, diagonal
and not opposite needles in each bed knit together
(4) The the conventional interlock machine has
needles of two different lengths, long needles knit in one
cam-track and short needles knit in a track nearer to the
needle heads.
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2.4 Purl Fabric
2.4.1 the Structure
Purl structures have one or more wales which contain
both face and reverse loops. The semi-circles of the
needle and sinker loops produced by the reverse
loop intermeshing tend to be prominent on both sides
of the structure.


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2.4.2 the Characteristics of 11Purl fabric
(1) Same appearance,face and back (similar to the
back of single jersey).
(2) Highly extensible in all directions. Approximately
twice as extensible as single jersey in the length
direction.
(3) The fabric does not curl at the edges.
(4) The fabric will run in the wale direction starting
from either end.
(5) The fabric may be unraveled course by course
starting from either end.
(6) The fabric tends to be two or three times thicker
than single jersey.
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2.4.3 the knitting
(1) With double ended latch needles in
some double cylinder garment length
circular machine or half-hose machine or
plat purl machine
(2) By rib loop transfer in V-bed flat
machine

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Chapter 3 Fancy Stitch in Weft Knitting
3.1 the Float Stitch
3.1.1 the Structure
A float stitch is composed of a
held loop, one or more float
loops and knitted loop.
The float or welt stitch shows
the missed yarn floating freely
on the reverse side of the held
loop which is the technical
back of single jersey structures,
but is the inside of rib and
interlock structure.
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Missing is useful for hiding an unwanted colored yarn
behind the face loop of a yarn of a selected color
when producing jacquard designs in face loops of
differed colors.


Float Jacquard Fabric Rib Jacquard Fabric
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3.1.2 the Characteristics of Float Stitch
(1) Structures incorporating float
stitches tend to exhibit faint horizontal
lines;
(2) They are narrower because the
wales are drawn closer together;
(3) The width-wise elasticity is reduced
(4) The stability of the fabric tend to be
better;

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3.1.3 Knitting
(1) The Knitting Action
A float loop is produced if the needle
neither clears nor is fed a new yarn, i.e.,
the needle remains at the run position.
Thus while adjacent needles form a new
loop, the needle making the float loop
merely retains the held loop.

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(2) The knitting Machine
(a) Mini-jacquard circular knitting
machine (mechanical selecting)
(b) Electronic Jacquard circular knitting
machine
(c) Computerized flat knitting machine
(d) Jacquard hosiery machine
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3.2 The Tuck stitch
3.2.1 the Structure
A tuck stitch is composed of a
held loop; one or more tuck
loops and knitted loops.
Its side limbs are not
restricted at their feet by the
head of an old loop and
assume an inverted V or U-
shaped configuration.
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3.2.2 the Characteristics of Tuck Stitch
(1) Tuck loops reduce fabric length and
length-wise elasticity because the higher yarn
tension on the tuck and held loops causes
them to rob yarn from adjacent knitted loops
making them smaller
(2) Providing greater stability and sharp
retention
(3) The fabric width is increased because
the tuck loops pull the held loops downwards
causing them to spread outwards and making
extra yarn available for width-wise elasticity
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(4) Fabric distortion and three-dimensional
relief is caused by tuck stitch accumulation
(5) Tuck stitches are employed in accordion
fabrics to tie in the long floats produced on
the back of single-jersey knit-miss jacquard
(6) Producing openwork effects, improving
the surface texture
(7) Joining the two piece of plain structures
together to produce a double-face fabrics
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3.2.3 Knitting
(1) In latch needle machine, when a
needle holding its loop also receives the
new loop
(2) In bearded needle machine, when
its beard is miss-pressed so that the old
loop is not cast-off and remains as a
held loop inside the beard with the
newly fed tuck loop

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(3) The machine that can knit tuck stitch
(a) Loop wheel or sinker wheel frame
(b) Four or more than 4 track single or
double circular knitting machine with
latch needle
(c) The jacquard circular knitting
machine with 3-way selecting technique
(d) Flat knitting machine
(e) Some hosiery machine

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3.3 Plating Fabric
3.3.1 the structure
A plated structure contains loops composed of
two (or more) yarns, often with differing
physical properties, each having been
separately supplied through its own guide or
guide hole to the needle hook in order to
influence its respective position relative to the
surface (technical face) of the fabric.
Plating can be all-over effect or on selected
stitches and may be used to produce surface
interest, colored pattern, openwork lace or to
modify the wearing properties of the structure.
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3.3.2 the Knitting Principle
(1) The perfect plating so that the
underneath yarn dose not show or
flash onto the surface is difficult. The
mainly controlling points are: the yarn
tension, angle of feed and the already-
formed loops
(2) The yarn positioned nearest to the
needle head shows on the reverse side
of the needle loop and therefore shows
on the surface of reverse stitches
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3.4 the Fleecy (laying-in) Fabric
3.4.1 the Structure
and Characteristics
A in-lay yarn is bind to
the back of plain
jersey or plating fabric
using tuck stitches so
that this yarn never
knits.
This is achieved using
a combination of
floating and tucking.

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Plating fleecy is named as three-thread fleecy as
there are three ends of yarn is needed.
Since the laid-in yarn never knits, it is possible to
use a wide variety of yarns for this purpose,
particularly very thick soft and relatively week
yarns.
An inlay yarn may have count which is 6-8 times
heavier than the optimum count for that machine
type and gauge under normal knitting conditions.
The in-laid yarn can be napped into a pile in the
finishing process and the fabric can been used to
make sportswear and sweatshirts.

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3.4.2 the Knitting Machine
(1) producing by three thread fleecy
knitting machine (latch needle)
(2) producing by the multi-track circular
knitting machine (latch needle)
(3) producing by the loop wheel or
sinker wheel frame (bearded needle)
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3.5 the Plush fabric
3.5.1 the Structure
The plush structure consists of the plain loop and
elongated plush sinker loops which show as a pile
between the wales on the technical back as a
result of having been formed over a different
surface to that of the normal length ground sinker
loops with which they are plated.
Henkelplush or velour is achieved during finishing
by cropping or shearing the loops in both
directions, to leave the individual fibers exposed
as a soft velvety surface whilst the ground loops
remain intact.
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3.5.2 Knitting
(1) In sinker top latch needle machine,
the ground yarn is fed into the sinker
throat and the plush yarn fed at higher
level is drawn over the sinker nib.
(2) In sinkerwheel machine, sinkers
with two throats are employed, the
shallow throat draws a long sinker loop
with the plush yarn whilst the deeply cut
throat draws a normal length sinker loop
with the ground yarn
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3.6 Sliver or High-Pile fabric
Sliver or high-pile fabric is consists of ground
yarn and sliver. The ground yarn forms a normal
loop and the sliver forms only a partly loop.
The ends of sliver stand out the surface of the
fabric giving a high pile effect.
The high-pile machine is a special single-jersey
circular machine which has sliver feeds where
the slivers are drawn from cans and fed to the
needle through the wires of the doffer roller.
The end-use of this fabric is man-made furs,
linings, gloves, cushions, industrial polishers and
paint roller.
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3.7 loop transfer stitch
3.7.1 Needle loop transfer
(1) Plain loop transfer stitches
produced by transference from
one needle to another in the
same bed.
(2) Rib loop transfer stitch
produced by transference a loop
from one needle bed to the other.
(3) Needle loop transfer can be
produced by hand in hand flat
knitting machine or with the
transfer needle in computerized
flat machine automatically.

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3.7.2 Sinker loop transfer stitch
(Pelerine or Eyelet)
The apertures of eyelet are formed at
courses where adjacent plain wales
move outwards, as a result of the
absence of connecting sinker loops.
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Chapter 4 Pattern and Selection Devices
For producing a fancy fabric, normally the
pattern and selection devices must be
employed.
There are several types of these devices:
different lengths of butt
different butt position
pattern wheel
multi-step select butt and electronic select etc.
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4.1 the different butt position
In single or double-jersey multi-cam-track (raceway) machines
needle butts may be positioned in one of between two and five
tracks which at every feed position have fixed but
exchangeable knitting, tucking or missing cams.
In some machines a common top butt is controlled by a stitch
cam-track.
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4.2 multi-step butt set-outs

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4.3 The Pattern wheel
The pattern wheel is a cheap, simple device
occupying little space and is unique in employing
separate raising cams in the form of pattern bits to
select and move individual elements, if necessary to
three different positions in their tricks.
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4.4 Electronic needle selection
Electro-magnetic needle selection has
now been introduced onto a number of
types of knitting machines.
The electronic impulse which energizes
an electro-magnet is usually assisted by
the field of a permanent magnet and the
minute selection movement is then
magnified by mechanical movements.
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Chapter 5 Weft Knitting Fabric Production
The rate of fabric production is usually calculated in
terms of linear yards (or meters) per unit time.
Fabric production=(Courses per unit
time/Course density)
Course density is a fabric parameter and is measured in
the courses per inch (cpi) or course per centimeter
(cpcm).
The number of courses produced per unit time is a
function of the fabric structure, the number of feeders on
machine and the machine speed in terms of revolutions
per minute (rpm) or traverses per minute (tpm).
The efficiency () is calculated by obtaining data
concerning machine running time and downtime.
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Example:
A single jersey fabric is produced on a 28 cpi machine
having 32 feeders and a rotational speed of 20 rpm.
Calculating the production (yards) over a 4-hour period if
the machine is usually stationary for 3 minutes each hour.
Solution:
Courses/revolution =Feeders per machine
revolution/Feeder per knitted course
=32/1=32 courses/revolution
Courses/ 4 hours = Courses/rev.rpmmin/hr4hr =
3220604 =153,600 courses/4 hours
Efficiency () = 57/60= 0.95
Production = 153,6000.95/28= 5,211.4 inches/4hours
=144.76 Yards/4hours
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Chapter 5
Basic Warp Knitting Principles
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5.1 The Warp knitting machine
Classification

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5.1.1 Tricot machine
A tricot machine is a warp
knitting machine which
uses a single set of
bearded or compound
needles.
The fabric is removed from
the needles at
approximately 90 degrees.
The tricot machine tends to
have fine gauge (28-32npi)
and fewer guide bars (2,3
or 4), produce simple and
fine structure.
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5.1.2 Raschel machine
A Raschel machine is a
warp knitting machine which
uses a single set of vertically
mounted latch or compound
needles.
The fabric is removed from
the needles at
approximately 150 degrees.
The Raschel machine tends
to have coarse gauge (16-
18npi) and more guide bars
(6,8,12-48), produce
normally coarse and
complex structure.
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5.13 Two needle bar Raschel machine
The two needle bars Raschel machine is a
warp knitting machine equipped with two sets
of vertically mounted latch needles.
The fabric is removed from the needles
vertically downwards between the two needle
bars.
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5.2 The Warp knitting machine elements
5.2.1 Warp Beams
Yarn is supplied to the needles in the form of warp
sheets.
Each individual warp sheet is usually supplied from
its own beam, which may consist of several section
beams.
The number of beams used on a machine is
normally equal to the number of guide bars.
To ensure uniform conditions of warp feed and
tension, the ends are supplied from flanged beams
attached to shafts which turn to unwind the warp
sheet in parallel formation.
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For convenience of handling, a number of
beams may be attached to a beam shaft to
achieve the full width of warp sheet, for
example, a warp sheet 84 inches (213cm)
which might be supplied from a full width
beam, two beam each 42 inches (106 cm)
wide, or four beams each 21 inches (53cm)
wide.
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5.2.2 Guide bars
The guide bars extend across the complete
width of the machine and their function is to
wrap yarn around the needle (i.e. feed).
Each guide in the guide bar is usually provided
with a single end of yarn. Warp knitting
machines are usually equipped with two or more
guide bars.
Each guide bar is normally supplied with a warp
sheet from its own beam shaft to suit its
requirements of threading and rate of warp feed
for its particular lapping movement.
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Occasionally, two partly threaded guide bars may
be supplied from the same full-threaded beam
provided they make lapping movements of the
same extent to each other whilst moving in
opposite directions.
The minimum number of guide bars and warp
sheets for commercially acceptable structures is
usually two.
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5.2.3 Needle Bar
Needles, either mounted individually or in leads,
are clamped to the needle bar which extends
across the complete machine width.
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5.2.4 Sinker Bar
Sinkers are positioned between each pair of
needles in the needle bar and provide for fabric
control during loop formation.
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Warp knitting Action

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5.3 Construction of warp knitted fabric
5.3.1 Single guide Bar Fabric
Warp knitted fabrics, in which all the yarn follows exactly
the same lapping movement, are normally made with a
single guide bar controlling the yarns.
These fabrics have little commercial importance because
of their low cover and lack of stability.
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5.3.2 Two guide Bar Fabric
The use of two guide bars gives a wider
scope for patterning than is available with
single guide bar fabrics, and these fabrics
form the basis of the commercial trade, using
continuous filament materials in most cases.

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5.3.3 Part-Threaded Fabric
The guide eyes of one or more guide bar are not all
threaded yarn, only a part of them are threaded.
The part-threaded fabric can produce some interest
surface appearance, such as relief or openwork structure.
The guide bar threading for one width repeat is usually
shown in its correct relative position between the needle
spaces at the first link of the design with | representing
a threaded guide and representing a empty guide.
Wales will be draw together where underlaps pass
across between them and will separate at points where
no underlaps cross producing net pillars in former and
net opening in the latter. If a full-threaded guide bar
which knits at every course is also used, the effect will
still occur in the form of a cord or relief instead of a net.
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Part-Threaded Fabric

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Part-Threaded Fabric

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5.3.4 Double needle-bar fabrics
As with weft knitting, the warp
knitting can also work with two
sets of needle and produce double
needle-bar fabrics.
The most popular double needle-
bar fabric is the pile or velvet effect
produced by splitting the space
fabric into two pieces.
The un-split space fabric can also
be used as a technical fabric such
as a substitute of the foam.
It can produce the tubular form of
fabric for technique use such as
vascular tubes, bandages etc.
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Circular weft knitting machine

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loop wheel knitting machine

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rib machine

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interlock machine

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computerized flat machine

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jacquard weft knitting machine