Group V

sub: ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Code:2110005
Part of active learning assignment

1. Ankit Makwana 13BEEEN085
2. Dhaval Darji 13BEEEG122
3. Parth Tank 13BEEEG065
4. Biren Panchal 13BEEEG099

Magnetization or B-H Curve

The set of magnetization curves, M above
represents an example of the relationship
between B and H for soft-iron and steel
cores.

Every type of core material will have its
own set of magnetic hysteresis curves.

The flux density increases in proportion to
the field strength until it reaches a certain
value were it can not increase any more.

This is because there is a limit to the amount of
flux density that can be generated by the core
as all the domains in the iron are perfectly
aligned.

Any further increase will have no effect on the
value of M, and the point on the graph where
the flux density reaches its limit is
called Magnetic Saturation also known
as Saturation of the Core



Magnetic Hysteresis Loop

The Magnetic Hysteresis loop above, shows the
behavior of a ferromagnetic core graphically .

The relationship between B and H is non-linear.
An unmagnetised core both B and H will be at
zero, point 0 on the magnetization curve.

If the magnetization current, i is increased in a
positive direction to some value the magnetic field
strength H increases linearly with i and the flux
density B will also increase as shown by the curve
from point 0 to point a towards saturation.
Now if the magnetizing current in the coil is
reduced to zero the magnetic field around the core
reduces to zero but the magnetic flux does not reach
zero due to the residual magnetism present within
the core and this is shown on the curve from
point a to point b.

To reduce the flux density at point b to zero we
need to reverse the current flowing through the
coil. The magnetizing force which must be applied
to null the residual flux density is called a
"Coercive Force". This coercive force reverses the
magnetic field re-arranging the molecular
magnets until the core becomes unmagnetised at
point c.

. An increase in the reverse current causes the core
to be magnetized in the opposite direction and
increasing this magnetization current will cause
the core to reach saturation but in the opposite
direction, point d on the cure which is symmetrical
to point b.

If the magnetizing current is reduced again to zero
the residual magnetism present in the core will be
equal to the previous value but in reverse at
point e.

Again reversing the magnetizing current flowing
through the coil this time into a positive direction
will cause the magnetic flux to reach zero,
point f on the curve and as before increasing the
magnetization current further in a positive
direction will cause the core to reach saturation at
point a.

Then the B-H curve follows the path of a-b-c-d-e-
f-a as the magnetizing current flowing through the
coil alternates between a positive and negative
value such as the cycle of an AC voltage. This path
is called a Magnetic Hysteresis Loop.
Coercively and Remanence
in Permanent Magnets

A good permanent magnet should produce a high
magnetic field with a low mass, and should be stable
against the influences which would demagnetize it.
The desirable properties of such magnets are typically
stated in terms of the Remanence and Coercivity of
the magnet materials.

When a Ferromagnetic material is magnetized in
one direction, it will not relax back to zero
magnetization when the imposed magnetizing field is
removed. The amount of magnetization it retains at
zero driving field is called its Remanence.

It must be driven back to zero by a field in the
opposite direction; the amount of reverse driving
field required to demagnetize it is called its
coercivity.

The table below contains some data about
materials used as permanent magnets. Both the
coercivity and remanence are quoted in Tesla, the
basic unit for Magnetic field B. The hysteresis
loop above is plotted in the form
of Magnetization M as a function of
driving magnetic Field strength H.
Hysteresis Loss
Due to presence of magnetic hysteresis a
fraction of applied power will be lost in the
form of heat.

The portion of power lost corresponds to
the difference between the energy stored
and energy returned back by the magnetic
core .This is called Hysteresis loss.
Other Definition OF Hysteresis Loss
If the magnetic field applied to a magnetic
material is increased and then decreased back to
its original value, the magnetic field inside the
material does not return to its original value.

The internal field 'lags' behind the external field.
This behaviour results in a loss of energy, called
the hysteresis loss, when a sample is repeatedly
magnetized and demagnetized.

. The materials used in transformer cores and
electromagnets are chosen to have a low hysteresis
loss.

Factor Affecting The Hysteresis Loss
Frequency of Magnetization.

Volume of the Material.

Area enclosed by the Hysteresis Loop.

Area of the Hysteresis Loss : The Hysteresis Loss is
directly Proportional to the area under the
Hysteresis Loop . For the loss materials the
Hysteresis Loop is narrow.
Magnetic Hysteresis Loops
for Soft and Hard Materials


The area and the shape of the magnetic
material are the important parameters
which decide the suitability of a material for
a particular application.

In the Hysteresis Loop of Soft
Ferromagnetic material all the values
such as residual magnetism and coercive
force are moderate . Hence this material is
used for making the electromagnets.





In the Hysteresis Loop of Hard
Ferromagnetic material all the values
such as residual magnetism and coercive
force are Large . Hence this material is used
for making the permanent magnet.

Variations in Hysteresis Curves

Application of Magnetic hysteresis

There are a great variety of applications of
the hysteresis in Ferro magnets.

Many of these make use of their ability to
retain a memory, for example Magnetic
Tape, Hard Disk, and Credit Card.

Hard magnets (high coactivity) like iron
are desirable so the memory is not easily
erased.

Soft magnets (low coercivity) are used as
cores in electromagnets.

The low coercively reduces that energy loss
associated with hysteresis.


Other Application of Magnetic Hysteresis
Magnetic hysteresis brakes use
permanent magnets surrounding a
hysteresis disc to provide a constant torque,
without external power.

By varying the displacement of the
magnetic hysteresis disk, this torque can be
quickly adjusted by a machine operator.

The magnetic brakes are ideally suited to control
winding applications in the wire, cable and
converting industries and anywhere a constant
torque is required.

Magnetic tape







Quarter-Inch Cartridges

Hard disk drive

The reverse side of a typical credit card
1-Magnetic Stripe
2-Signature Strip
3-Card Security
Code

Thank you