Nanotechnology

By
 Introduction - Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology has enormous potential to change society and
it involves manipulation of objects on the atomic level.

The products will be build on every atom that are

stronger,smarter,cheapter,cleaner,and more precise.
Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter
at the nanoscale to create new and unique materials and
products
 Origins of Nanotechnology
• Noble prize winner Richard Feynman first conceived
the idea of molecular manufacturing in his 1959
speech, “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom."

• Richard Feynman was the first scientist to suggest

that devices and materials could someday be
fabricated to atomic specifications

• In 1986, K. Eric Drexler wrote "Engines of Creation"

and introduced the term nanotechnology from there
Scientific research really expanded over the last
decade

Richard Feynman
NANOSCALE
CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1 nm.
Length: few nm to microns.

CNT is configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene

sheet rolled into a tube.

CNT exhibits extraordinary mechanical

properties: Young’s modulus over
1 Tera Pascal, as stiff as diamond, and tensile
strength ~ 200 GPa.

CNT can be metallic or semiconducting,

depending on chirality.
• The strongest and most flexible molecular
material because of C-C covalent bonding
and seamless hexagonal network architecture

• Young’s modulus of over 1 TPa vs 70 GPa for

Aluminum, 700 GPA for C-fiber
- strength to weight ratio 500 time > for Al;
similar improvements over steel and
titanium; one order of magnitude
improvement over graphite/epoxy

• Maximum strain ~10% much higher than any

material

• Thermal conductivity ~ 3000 W/mK in the axial

direction with small values in the radial direction
• Electrical conductivity six orders of magnitude higher than copper

• Can be metallic or semiconducting depending on chirality

- ‘tunable’ bandgap
- electronic properties can be tailored through
application of external magnetic field, application
of mechanical deformation…

• Very high current carrying capacity

• Excellent field emitter; high aspect ratio

and small tip radius of curvature are
ideal for field emission

• Can be functionalized
• CNT quantum wire interconnects
• Diodes and transistors for
computing
• Capacitors
• Data Storage
• Field emitters for instrumentation
• Flat panel displays

Challenges
• Control of diameter, chirality
• Doping, contacts
• Novel architectures (not CMOS based!)
• Development of inexpensive manufacturing processes
• High strength composites
• Cables, tethers, beams
• Multifunctional materials
• Functionalize and use as polymer back bone
- plastics with enhanced properties like “blow
molded steel”
• Heat exchangers, radiators, thermal barriers, cryotanks
• Radiation shielding
• Filter membranes, supports
• Body armor, space suits

Challenges
- Control of properties, characterization
- Dispersion of CNT homogeneously in host materials
- Large scale production
- Application development
• CNT has been grown by laser ablation
(pioneering at Rice) and carbon arc process
(NEC, Japan) - early 90s.
- SWNT, high purity, purification methods
• CVD is ideal for patterned growth
(electronics, sensor applications)
- Well known technique from
microelectronics
- Hydrocarbon feedstock
- Growth needs catalyst
(transition metal)
- Multiwall tubes at
500-800° deg. C.
- Numerous parameters
influence CNT growth
 Quantum dot
Issues:
• Primary designs require extremely low
temperatures
• Possible room-temperature designs
would require 10nm features
• Material fabrication is not on silicon

Potential Solutions: Benefits:

• New material solutions • Reduce number of transistors per
• Improved III-V compound circuit function
semiconductors • New opportunities for innovative
designs
• Enhanced security
 Nanowires
Potential Solutions
• Development of new processes based
on ongoing research
• Additional efforts in related materials
• Improved processes/equipment
Issues:
• Research applications with dimensions
below 20nm
• Manufacturing processes rely on
fabrication in “forms”
• Large scale, ordered fabrication is not
available
Benefits:
• Unique electrical and optical
properties
• Building units for devices
• Wire diameter change results in band
gap changes, which implies
customizable effects
NANO MANUFACTURING
Nanotechnology Applications
 Advantages Of Nanotechnology
• Medical Advantages

– End of Illnesses (I.e. Cancer, heart disease)

– Universal immunity (I.e. aids, flu)
– Body Sculpting (I.e. change your appearance)
– Stop the aging Process
– Painless Child births

• Industrial Advantages

– Computers a billion times faster and a million times

smaller
– Automatic Pollution Cleanup
– Manufacturing at almost no cost
Advantages Of Nanotechnology – Cont.
• Other advantages

– Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry

– Materials Producers
– Usage Superior Education
– in Textiles Industries
 Disadvantages Of Nanotechnology

 Loss of jobs (manufacturing, farming, etc)

Diamonds become worthless
 Atomic weapons more accessible and destructive
 Health Issues
 Environmental Issues
Future of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology will redesign the future of several
technologies, products and markets.
• Scientists and engineers can now work with materials at
the atomic level to create stain-proof fabrics, scratch-
resistant paints, more efficient fuel cells and batteries
• Experts says that nanotechnology will likely create the
next generation of billionaires and reshape global
business
• Industry Analysts Predict Revenues from Products
Incorporating Nanotechnology to Reach Close to $3
Trillion US Within 10 Years
• Making invisibility possible
• Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will impact electronics
and computing, materials and manufacturing, energy, transportation….

• The field is interdisciplinary but everything starts with material science.

Challenges include:
- Novel synthesis techniques
- Characterization of nanoscale properties
- Large scale production of materials
- Application development

• Opportunities and rewards are great and hence, tremendous worldwide

interest

• Integration of this emerging field into engineering and science curriculum

is important to prepare the future generation of scientists and engineers
 Sources
• http://www.nanotechproject.org
• http://www.nanovip.com
• http://www.sciencedaily.com
• http://www.nsti.org
• http://www.iisc.ernet.in
• http://www. nanotech-now.com
THANK YOU