Learning objective

Be able to prepare software for data

presentation and description
Objective and consideration of data
presentation
Objective
To communicate the information with the
viewer
Requirement
Clear
Simple
Self Explanation

Presenting Categorical Data
TABLE
SINGLE TABLE
CROSS-TABLE
GRAPH
BAR
PIE

STATISTICS
PERCENT
RATIO
Anemia Data
(1= anemia; 2=non anemia)

1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1


HOW MUCH IS THE PREVALENCE ?
One Categorical Variable (uni-variate)
What is the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women?
Variable : Anemia
Table : Single frequency distribution
Statistic : Percent
Graph : Bar or Pie
Categories Frequency Percent
Anemia 59 25,5
Non Anemia 172 74,5
Total 231 100,0
The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women is about 25,5%
Table 1. Frequency distribution of anemia among
pregnant women in Bali 2008
Source: Bali Health Division
One Categorical Variablecont)
Graph 1. Pie chart of anemic status of
pregnant womens in Bali 2008
Graph 1. Bar chart of anemic status of
pregnant womens in Bali 2008
0
20
40
60
80
Pregnant women
Anemia
Non Anemia
Source: Bali Health Division Source: Bali Health Division
DATA ANEMIA
(1= anemia; 2=non anemia)
GIANYAR:
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
KARANGASEM:
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2

HOW MUCH IS THE PREVALENCE ?
Two Categorical Variables (bi-variate)
What is the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women
in each district?
Variable : Anemia and District
Table : Cross-Tabulation
Statistics : Percent (specific prevalence), Ratio
Graph : Bar (clustered or stacked bar)
Anemia Non Anemia Total
Gianyar : count
row%
33
24,4%
102
75,6%
135
100%
Krgasem : count
row%
26
27,1%
70
72,9%
96
100%
Total : count
row%
59
25,5%
172
74,5%
231
100%
Table 2. Cross tabulation of districts and anemic status of pregnant women in 2008
Bar Chart
Clustered Bar Stacked Bar
DATA CHD
(1= CHD; 2=non CHD)
SMOKING:
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
NON SMOKING:
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2

DOES SMOKING RELATED TO CHD ?
Two Categorical Variables (bi-variate)
Does smoking increase the risk for CHD?
Variable : smoking (independent) and CHD (dependent)
Table : Cross-Tabulation
Statistic : Percent, Ratio (RR or OR)
Smoking CHD Non CHD Total
Yes : count
colm%
85
85%
25
25%
110
55%
No : count
colm%
15
15%
75
75%
90
45%
Total : count
colm%
100
100%
100
100%
200
100%
Table 3. Cross-tabulation of smoking and CHD
Odd Ratio
Disease + Disease - Total
Expose+ A B A+B
Expose - C D C+D
Total A+C B+D n
Table 2 x 2
BC
AD
D B
C A
Odd
Odd
OddRatio
D
B
D B D
D B B
D E P
D E P
Odd
C
A
C A C
C A A
D E P
D E P
Odd
disease
disease
disease
disease

/
/
) /(
) /(
) | (
) | (
) /(
) /(
) | (
) | (
) (
) (
) (
) (
Odd Ratio
Odd Ratio for Case-Control
OR = 1, equal odd
OR > 1, increasing the odd
OR < 1, decreasing the odd
INTERPRETATION
OR = (85 x 75)/(25 x 15) = 17
Smoking CHD Non CHD Total
Yes : count
colm%
85
85%
25
25%
110
55%
No : count
colm%
15
15%
75
75%
90
45%
Total : count
colm%
100
100%
100
100%
200
100%
The odds of CHD among smoker 17 times higher
then non smoker
RELATONSHIP SMOKING AND CHD
Table 3. Cross-tabulation of smoking and CHD
Prevalence Ratio and
Relative Risk
Disease + Disease - Total
Expose+ A B A+B
Expose - C D C+D
Total A+C B+D n
Table 2 x 2
) /(
) /(
. .
) (
) (
) (exp
) (exp
D C C
B A A
PR atau RR
D C
C
Incidence
B A
A
Incidence
ose
ose

PR or RR
PR: for Cross-Sectional Design
RR: for Cohort Design
INTERPRETATION
RR = 1, equal risk
RR > 1, increasing the risk
RR < 1, decreasing the risk
RR = 0,77 / 0,17 = 4,5
INTERPRETATION
The risk of CHD among smoker 4,5 times
higher then non smoker
RELATONSHIP SMOKING AND CHD
Smoking CHD Non CHD Total
Yes : count
row%
85
77%
25
23%
110
100%
No : count
row%
15
17%
75
83%
90
100%
Total : count
row%
100
50%
100
50%
200
100%
Table 4. Cross-tabulation of smoking and CHD
Presenting Continuous Data
TABLE
SINGLE TABLE

GRAPH
HISTOGRAM
LINE
SCATTER DIAGRAM
FREQUENCY
TENDENCY CENTRAL:
Mean, Median Modus
VARIABILITY:
Range, SD, Variation Coefficient
STATISTICS
PARITY DATA

1 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
0 2 2 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 0
2 4 1 3 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 0 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 3 1 2 2 0 1
1 2 2 0 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
0 0 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 2 3 2
1 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 1
1 3 2 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2
2 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 4
0 1 2 3 0 2 5 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1


HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE THIS DATA ?
One Continues Data
What is the parity of sample?
Variable : Parity
Table : Single frequency distribution
Statistic : Mean, Range, SD
Graph : Histogram, Line Chart
PARITY FREQUENCY PERCENT
0 25 10,8
1 47 20,3
2 74 32,0
3 51 22,1
4 22 9,5
> 4 12 5,2
TOTAL 231 100,0
STATISTICS
MINIMUM : 0
MAXIMUM: 5
MEAN : 3,15
SD : 1,3
Table 5. Frequency Distribution of parity among
reproductive women in Bali 2008
TENDENCY CENTRAL
mean, median, modus
MEAN (AVERAGE) MEDIAN
Data: 0 1 2 3
Mean = (X1+X2+X3+X4)/4
= 6/4 = 1,5
Data: 0 1 2 3
Median = (x2+x3)/2
= 3/2 = 1,5
Data: 0 1 2 15
Mean = (X1+X2+X3+X4)/4
= 18/4 = 4,5
Data: 0 1 2 15
Median = (X2+X3)/2
= 3/2 = 1,5
Distorted by outlier and
Skewed data
Not distorted by outlier and
Skewed data
Normal distribution
Mean = Med=Mod
Mod
Med
Mean
Mean
med
Mod
Mod < Med < Mean
Mean<Med<Mod
DISVERSION
Variance and Standard Deviation
Data : 0 1 2 3
Mean = 6/4 = 1,5
Mean
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
x1
(x1-Mean)
x2
(x2-mean)
x3
x4
(x4-mean)

1
2

n
X X
SD
i
SD= (0-1,5)
2
+(1-1,5)
2
+(2-1,5)
2
+(3-1,5)
2
/(4-1)
= 1,29
DISVERSION
range, percentile, quartile
Data : 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 7
RANGE = 7 0 =7
Percentile 10 = 0
Percentile 25 = 1
Percentile 30 = 1
Percentile 50 = 2
Percentile 75 = 2,5
Percentile 80 = 3
Quartile 1 = 1 (percentile 25)
Quartile 2 = 2 (percentile 50)
Quartile 3 = 2,5 (percentile 75)
Quartile 4 = 7 (percentile 100)
FIRST QUARTILE
THIRD QUARTILE
MEDIAN
LOWER LIMIT
UPPER LIMIT
BOX PLOT
50%
25%
25%
Grouping Data
Purpose
- to meet the objective of study
- to make it simpler
Example:
Age (year); grouping into 5 years interval: 0-
4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, . 85-.
Umur ibu
1 ,4 ,4 ,4
3 1,3 1,3 1,7
5 2,2 2,2 3,9
6 2,6 2,6 6,5
6 2,6 2,6 9,1
4 1,7 1,7 10,8
18 7,8 7,8 18,6
12 5,2 5,2 23,8
15 6,5 6,5 30,3
12 5,2 5,2 35,5
10 4,3 4,3 39,8
5 2,2 2,2 42,0
9 3,9 3,9 45,9
11 4,8 4,8 50,6
8 3,5 3,5 54,1
9 3,9 3,9 58,0
14 6,1 6,1 64,1
9 3,9 3,9 68,0
20 8,7 8,7 76,6
12 5,2 5,2 81,8
14 6,1 6,1 87,9
15 6,5 6,5 94,4
9 3,9 3,9 98,3
3 1,3 1,3 99,6
1 ,4 ,4 100,0
231 100,0 100,0
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Total
Vali d
Frequency Percent Vali d Percent
Cumul ati ve
Percent
klp_umur
9 3,9 3,9 3,9
46 19,9 19,9 23,8
51 22,1 22,1 45,9
51 22,1 22,1 68,0
70 30,3 30,3 98,3
4 1,7 1,7 100,0
231 100,0 100,0
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Total
Vali d
Frequency Percent Vali d Percent
Cumul ati ve
Percent
Before grouping
After grouping
SPSS: calculate the statistics based
on new categories and not based on
the age data.
Before grouping
After grouping