NAME KAUSTUV MISHRA

ROLL-000910701048
INTEGRATE AND DUMP FILTER
RECEIVER
Here the signal s(t) is distorted by noise n(t) and
applied to the input of the integrate and dump filter.
The capacitor is charged fully at the beginning of bit
interval(by closing Sw
1
switch),the integrator then
integrates the noisy input signal over one bit period.

For a square pulse input the output would be
triangular, the magnitude of v
o
(t).At t=T the o/p
magnitude is maximum. Depending on the value of
v
o
(T),the decision is taken whether the transmitted bit
is 1 or 0.The dump switch Sw
1
is closed momentarily to
discharge the capacitor to receive the next bit.



Signal to noise ratio
The o/p of the integrator is ,v
o
(t)=
1

0

The sample voltage due to signal is given by
s
o
(T)=
1

0
=

The sample voltage due noise is n
o
(T)=
1

0

This noise sampling voltage n
o
(T) is a Gaussian random
variable where as n(t) is a Gaussian random process.
The variance of n
o
(T)=
0
2
=

2
2

The o/p of the integrator is
0
=
0
+
0




Signal output
Noise output of the integrator
The signal output
0
() is a ramp ,in each bit interval of
duration T. At the end of the interval the ramp attains
the voltage
0
() which is +

or -

depending on
whether the bit is 0 or 1.At the end of each interval the
dump switch is closed and the output drops to 0.

Here the figure of merit is
,
0
-
2
,
0
()-
2
=
2
2

The signal to noise ratio increases with T and depends
on
2
T which is the normalized energy of the bit signal.
Probability of error
The probability density of noise sample
0
() is
Gaussian . So f,
0
()-=

0
()
2
2
2

(2
2
)
,where
0
2
is the
variance. If during some bit interval the input signal
voltage is V, then the sampled
voltage
0
()=

. If
0
>0
and
0
>

,then
0

is positive, which will result in
error.
The receiver will detect the input 0 as 1 when
0
() >

So

(T)=

2
2
2

2
2

()
Substituting =

()
2
,

=
1

2
=

=
1
2
(

)=
1
2
erfc

1
2

=
1
2
erfc(

)
Where

=
2
is the signal energy of each bit.
Similarly we can say if the input was held at +V the
probability of error would be same .

The graph showing variation of probability of error with
respect to

Optimum receiver
In the figure there are two input signals

1
0
2
1.
The signal input is corrupted by noise having power spectral
density G(f )=

2
(assuming white noise ).The signal and noise
are filtered and sampled at the end of each bit interval. The
output sample is

0
=
1
+
0
() or
0
=
2
+
0
()
Assuming,

1

0

01

02
()
The decision boundary is midway between
01

02
()
Where
01
=

02
=

0
=

01
+
02
()
2
.suppose
01
() >
02
() and

2
is transmitted, if at the sampling time
0
() is
positive and larger in magnitude than the voltage
difference
1
2

01
+
02

02
,an error would
occur in detecting the input signal. Thus a error will
occur if
0
() >
1
2

01

02

2
2
2

2
2

1
2

01

02

0
()


Taking x=

0
()
2

01

02

22
=
1
2
erfc ,

01
02

2 2
-
Hence we can conclude

decreases if the difference

01

02
becomes larger and rms noise voltage
becomes smaller.

Optimum filter transfer function
If we assume the difference signal at input of the
optimum filter P(t)=
1

2
(),then output of the
filter is
0
=
01

02
()

Then
0
=H(f )P(f )


0
=

0

2
=

()
+

0
=
2

is the output noise power

spectral density. Using parsevals theorem o/p noise
power
0
2
=

0

+

.If X(f )=,

-()
and Y(f )=
1

()
P(f )
2
by using Schwarz inequality

0
()
2

0
2
=
|

|
+

| |
2

= | |
2

The equality hold when X(f )=K

()
So H(f )=K

()

()

2
so s/n ratio is

| |
2

()

Optimum filter realization using
matched filter
An optimum filter yields a maximum ratio

0
()
2

0
2
is
called a matched filter when input noise is white .So
H(f )=
2

()

2
Taking inverse Fourier transform
h(t)=
2

()
2()

=
2

=
2

,
1

2
-
Error probability for matched filter
The max. s/n ratio is given by

0
()
2

0
2
=
2

| |
2

From parsevals theorem

| |
2

0

s/n=
2

,
1

2
-
2

0
=
2

(
1
+
2
2
12
)
If
1
=
2
,
1
=
2
=
12
=

s/n ratio becomes
8

,so

=
1
2
erfc (

)
Optimum filter realization using
correlator






The i/p is a binary data waveform corrupted by noise.
The received signal and noise is multiplied with a local
signal
1

2
() the o/p of the multiplier is passed
through integrator whose o/p is sampled at t=T

The o/p signal of correlator is
1

1

2

0

The o/p noise is
1

1

2
-
If h(t) is the impulse response of the matched filter then o/p
can be obtained by convolution integral
So
0
=

0

For matched filter =
2

1

2

So substituting

0
=
2

1
+
2
+

0

Since

+
0
=
0
+
0

setting t=T ,
0
=
2

1

2

0

Similarly
0
=
2

1

2

0

Optimal coherent reception of
PSK
For a PSK signal bit 0 is represented by
1
=
Bit 1 is represented by
2
=
At receiver
1

2
= 2 is provided at the
multiplier.
In PSK
1
=
2
so

=
1
2

2

If there is a phase error then

=
1
2

2

Hence phase shift increases probability of error.


Imperfect bit synchronization
The psk receiver assumes that the bit synchronizer
works in perfect precision ,but due to imperfection the
integration may last from + 0
The o/p noise voltage would not be affected
integration time T remains same.
The overlap causes s reduction in signal
0
+
To observe the case let us consider the transmitted signal
is Acos the interval 0 to T and -Acos in interval T
to 2T.If there is a overlap of duration .

0
+ =
2

2
+

2
+

=
2

2

2
=
2

2
,1
2

-
Hence the error probability becomes
1
2
*(

) 1
2

2
+
If both phase and bit errors are taken into account

=
1
2
erfc *

2
1
2

2
+




Optimal coherent reception of
FSK
In FSK the bit 0 is represented by Acos( +)
Bit 1 is represented by Acos( )
So
1

2
=Acos( +)-Acos( )
Max s/n ratio is

0
()
2

0
2
=
2

,
1

2
-
2

0

=
2
2

,1
2
2
+
1
2
sin ,2 + -
2 +
-
1
2
sin ,2 -
2

2
2
-
If we assume angular frequency offset very small
compared to angular frequency ,then the last three
terms are equal.


They each have the form
2
2
.This ratio approaches
zero as increases so the last 3 terms are neglected. So

0
()
2

0
2
=
2
2

(1
2
2
)

The value

0
()
2

0
2
attains its largest value if is so selected
that 2 = 3

2
.
For this value of ,

0
()
2

0
2
=2.42

Hence the probability of error is calculated to be
1
2
*
1
8

0

2

0
2
+
1
2

1
2
erfc (0.6

)
Although optimum filter is used in both FSK and PSK to
retrieve the information,FSK system has greater
probability of error.

When two orthogonal frequencies are transmitted such
that 2 =

=
1
2
erfc (

2
)


Non coherent detection of FSK
FSK can be thought as the transmission of the o/p of
either of the two signal sources, the first frequency
at
1
=
0
+ and second at the frequency

2
=
0
.
A reasonable detection system would consists of two
band pass filters with two centre frequencies at
1
,
2

The BW of each filter is so adjusted to yield max output
when appropriate signal is received.
Thus when filter
1
with centre frequency
1
has a
larger output than filter
2
with centre frequency
2

the receiver decides that signal
1
() has been
transmitted.

When using filter receiver we make no use of the phase
of incoming signal ,so it is known as non coherent
detection. Since some valuable information
concerning signal is not used ,the probability of
detecting the signal is reduced.
The probability of error for non coherent FSK is

=
1
2

DPSK reception




From the figure ,it is observed when no noise is
present the received phase angle is 0 .From this a
decision boundary can be drawn at an angle

2
and
decide that a 1 is sent if the phase difference between
two consecutive bits differs by less than

2

It can be decided in favour of 0 if the phase difference
between two consecutive bits differ by more than

2








Here there is three consecutive received bits .each bit
was transmitted as 1 but due to noise each is perturbed
from the horizontal axis .
The DPSK receiver compares bit 2 with 1,reads an angle

1
which is less than

2
and decides that bit 2 is a one .
The DPSK receiver then compares bit 3 with bit
2,reads an angle
2
which is greater than

2
and decides
that a 0 was transmitted.
The error due to the fact that the DPSK receiver uses
only the previous bit as reference ,which is analogous
to poor synchronization.
If all the previous positive bits were somehow
averaged by employing good synchronization and this
average is used as a reference, there would be no error.
Here the probability of error is

=
1
2

QPSK reception
In QPSK four possible waveforms is transmitted
during each interval T. These wave forms are

= + 21

4
= 1,2,3,4
0

= 2


A correlation receiver for QPSK

If in absence of noise signal
1
is received then

0

01

where
0
is the output of the correlator.
The output of the two correlators corresponding to
each four possible signals are-






The reference waveform of correlator 1 is at angle

4
to
the axes of orientation of all the four possible signals.
The probability that correlator 1 or 2 would make an
error is
1
=
2
=
1
2
(

4
)
In order to compare this result with BPSK ,we take

= 2 then
1
=
2
=
1
2
(

2
) =

(BPSK)
Thus bit error probability of BPSK and QPSK are same.

The probability that QPSK receiver would correctly
identify the transmitting signal is equal to the product
of the probabilities of both correlators 1 and 2 have
yielded correct results.


Thus using

=
1
=
2
,The probability of correct
detection is given by

= (1

)(1

) = 1 2

2



Normally

1 so

2
is neglected .


Then

(QPSK)=1

= 2

= erfc

4


summary
To perform detection the receiver observes the
received signal for the duration of one symbol and
guesses which particular symbol was sent according to
some set of rules.
In coherent detection the receiver is assumed to be in
possession of exact replicas of the transmitted signals.
In coherent detection a source of error in decision
making process is additive thermal noise at the
receiver input ,which is modelled as Gaussian noise of
zero mean and constant power spectral density.
When all the signals are transmitted with equal
probability ,the optimum rule turns out to be
maximum likelihood; the criterion for optimality is
minimization of the average probability of symbol
error.
The optimum filters is implemented in the form of a
bank of correlators or matched filters followed but
maximum likelihood detectors.
In non-coherent detection the receiver has no
knowledge of carrier phase. The presence of phase
uncertainty in received signal is the source of error .

The unknown phase is modelled as a sample value of a
random variable uniformly distributed between
0 2.

The performance of a noncoherent receiver in noise is
naturally inferior to that of the coherent version .

However , the noncoherent receiver is simpler in
implementation since it does not require phase
synchronization.
References
Principles of communication system by Taub
Schillings.
Digital communications by Simon Haykin.
Modern analog and digital communication by B.P
Lathi
Analog and digital communication by Sanjay sharma.