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Triumphant Institute of
Management Education P Ltd
Nyayapati Gautam
Violence in the
NE
A Brief
Background
N-E
Nagaland - Groups
The National Socialist Council
of Nagaland (NSCN)
Formed in 1980 by Isak Chisi
Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and
S.S. Khaplang
Opposed the Shillong Accord
Differences over commencing
a dialogue process with GOI
The NSCN split in 1988.
NSCN-K - S S Khaplang
NSCN-IM - Isak Chisi Swu and
Thuingaleng Muivah.
Objective
To establish a Greater
Nagaland
Nagalim or the Peoples
Republic of Nagaland
Based on Maos ideology.
Its manifesto is based on the
principle of Socialism for
economic development
It also has a spiritual outlook
Nagaland for Christ.
Background
The Nagas comprise some 17
major tribes.
Each tribe speaks a different
language.
The Nagas were the first revolt
against the GOI.
This was on August 14, 1947
Under the aegis of the Naga
National Council (NNC)
This was led by Angami Zapu
Phizo.
In July 1948, Phizo was
arrested and released in 1949.
The NNC publicly resolved to
establish a sovereign Naga
state.
In May 1951, the Council held
a referendum
Claimed that 99% of the Naga
people supported independence.
Was not accepted by the
government.
Nagaland attained Statehood
on December 1, 1963.
In April 1964, a Peace Mission
was formed with Jai Prakash
Narayan and one of its members
Agreement for Suspension of
Operation (AGSOP) was signed
In 1972, the Centre banned the
NNC, the NFG and the NFA as
"unlawful associations"
Situation brought under control
and a negotiated settlement
arrived at.
Shillong Accord was signed
between the Centre and a
section of the NNC in 1975.
NNC-NFG accepted the Indian
Constitution and agreed to
come overground and
surrender their weapons.
A group of activists (on training
in China) refused to surrender.
They formed the NSCN.
The NSCN-IM stand is:
Naga region never a part of India
Nehrus argument was fallacious
-India had "inherited" the Naga
area from the British.
"the fate of a people cannot be
passed on like an inheritance
from one party to another".
Current Status
Turf wars between Naga have
resulted in the further split of
both the NSCN-IM and the
NSCN-K.
Violence in Manipur too.
NSCN-IM did not attend a
reconciliation meeting.
All Naga Lands/Within Nagaland
The Centre Arunachal
Pradesh and Manipur CMs for
a consensus on welfare of
Nagas there.
Assam Chief Minister, Tarun
Gogoi
Assam would continue to oppose
the NSCN-IMs primary demand
for territorial integration of Naga
inhabited areas in Assam.
Naga society is not a single
unified group but riven with
factions.
Manipur, adjacent to
Nagaland, has a substantial
Naga population.
Territorial integrity of Manipur
NSCN-IM opposes other
groups

Manipur
There are about 30 different
tribes inhabiting Manipur.
The Meiteis occupy the Imphal
Valley
Other tribes inhabit the
surrounding hill districts.
The Meiteis constitute more
than 50 % of the population
and are non - ST
Resentment against hill tribes

Kuki Naga Conflict
The ethnic conflict between the
Nagas and the Kukis - a major
tribal group in Manipur.
Economic Blockade.
NSCN IM - a reign of terror:
Naga-inhabited areas in four of
Manipur's five hill districts
The revival of the Sadar Hills
District demand
Economic blockade on NH39 &
NH53 (92days) by the SHDDC
The United Naga Council (UNC)
imposed a counter economic
blockade along the NH 39 and
53 as well as NH 150 non-
inclusion of Naga lands in the
proposed dist.
Assam
Militancy in Assam has its
origin in the large-scale
migration of refugees from
East Pakistan
In1979, the All Assam
Students Union (AASU) and
the All Assam Gana Sangram
Parishad (AAGSP) launched a
mass movement for:
the detection of illegal
immigrants
their deletion from the voters list
their deportation to Bangladesh
The agitators demanded
detection should cover all
migrants who had entered India
since 1951.
The Central government
agreed
but insisted on a cut-off date of
1971 for the identification of
illegal aliens.
In December 1979, Assam
was brought under Presidents
rule.
The agitation turned violent.
Displayed secessionist
tendencies.
United Liberation Front of
Asom (ULFA), was established
in 1979.
Secession from India was the
declared goal
However, it adopted an anti-
foreigner plank since this was a
popular issue gripping the
masses in Assam.
August 15, 1985, the Assam
Accord was signed.
According to the terms of the
Accord:
all foreigners who entered
Assam on or after March 25,
1971, were to be detected and
deported.
After the Accord, a new
regional party, the Asom Gana
Parishad (AGP) was created.
It swept to power in December
1985
The ULFA, emphasised its
basic objective:
to liberate Assam from Indian
colonial rule.
Violence continued
The emergence of a Bodo
insurgency in the State has
become another major
problem.
Between July and September,
Assam witnessed bloody clashes
in the BTC areas.
Maoist activity in the State also
appears to be on a rise.
At least seven Districts in the
Upper Assam area, have
reported significant Maoist
mobilisation.
Two Muslim militant formations
also remain active in the State:
Muslim United Liberation Tigers
of Assam (MULTA)
Harkat-ul-Mujahedeen (HuM).



Meghalaya
The divide among tribal
residents of the State and the
non-tribal settlers
(mostly Bangladeshis)
August 1992:
The Khasi Students Union
(KSU) + Federation of Khasis,
Jaintia and Garo Peoples
(FKJGP)
Non-tribal traders - shut down
business no valid trading
licences.
1994:
ECs orders for preparing photo-
identity cards for all voters
Resisted by the KSU.
The KSU: No photography to be
permitted before the electoral
rolls were revised with a 1951
cut-off date with regard to
immigrants from Bangladesh.
Other issues:
Growing corruption
Perceived injustice in the Garo
hills.
Sharma Commission (1995)
Primary cause of such
disturbances has been
economic, such as the
increasing unemployment rate in
the State

New Kids on the Block:
Garo National Liberation Army
(GNLA) - 2009
Achik National Volunteer Council
(ANVC-B) - 2012
Hynniewtrep Peoples Liberation
Front (HPLF) - 2012
Achik National Unit Force
(ANUF) - 2012
123 Bangladeshi infiltrators
arrested.
The year also saw growing
links between GNLA and the
Anti-Talks Faction of ULFA
(ULFA-ATF)
ULFA-ATF wants to maintain
an open corridor through
Meghalaya for movement into
hideouts in Bangladesh.
Some groups want to
participate in the 2013
Assembly elections.
GNLA stated that the outfit would
support the Congress party.
ANVC-B is organizing a mass
awareness campaign on adult
franchise and democratic rights.
According to a November 19,
2012, report:
The Centre has left it to the State
Government to decide on:
the ANVC demand for a
Garoland Autonomous Council
(GAC)
the desire of ANVC-B to hold
talks with the Government
The mushrooming of new
militant groups.
The emergence of breakaway
groups.
The reactivation of old groups,
escalating demands.
Delayed solutions have been
worsened by the visible.
Politician-militant nexus.

Tripura
Tripura was a princely state
It acceded to the Indian Union
on October 15, 1949.
It became a Union Territory on
November 1, 1956
A full-fledged State on January
21, 1972.
The indigenous people of
Tripura comprise of 19 tribes.
Origin of insurgency can be
traced to:
the massive influx of Bengali
refugees following partition.
Census Figures: Indigenous
people
95 per cent - 1931 census.
31 per cent - 1991 census.
Discontent among the tribals,
who have become a minority in
their own land.
In order to protect their rights,
some tribes formed a political
front.
Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
(TUJS) in June 1967.
They demanded an autonomous
district council
Kok Borok as official language
Restoration of tribal lands
allotted to non-tribals
In1978, the Tripura National
Volunteers (TNV) was formed
Fight for an independent tribal
Tripura state.
The State government passed
the Tripura Tribal Areas
Autonomous District Council
Act in 1979.
Strongly opposed by a section
of the Bengali population.
They launched Amra Bangali.
Violent clashes 2000
casualities
1980 Army called in.
TNV MNF Signing of the
Mizo Accord in 1986.
In1988, the TNV signed a
Memorandum of Settlement
with the State government.
The main point of the
agreement was the restoration
of alienated lands to the tribal
people.
Persistent complaints that the
agreement had not been
implemented.
New militant outfits had since
come into being
A resurgence of militancy in
the State.
Police-led campaign began to
record major successes in
2004
Brought the State to peace by
late 2006.
The steady process of
normalisation continued
through 2012.
Assembly Elections next
month Political parties
mischief mongering.
CPI-M, Congress + Indigenous
Nationalist Party of Tripura
(INPT)
Accusing each other of attempts
to revive terrorism to secure
political and electoral advantage.

The State Government, in
September 2012, extended the
Armed Forces Special Powers
Act (AFSPA) for another six
months.
The Act is in force, fully, in 34
Police Stations, and partly, in six
Police Station areas, out of the
total of 70 Police Station Areas
in the State.
AFSPA was first introduced in
Tripura in 1997.
It has been a successful
counter-insurgency campaign.
However
With surviving bases in
Bangladesh and Myanmar
Growing linkages with other
insurgent formations in the
Northeast
Political machinations.
Mizoram
The Mizo National Front
(MNF)-led terror campaign
ended in 1986.
The MNF transformed itself
into a regional political party
Subsequent to the signing of an
MoU with the GOI in 1986.
It won the Assembly elections,
following the formal declaration
of Mizoram as a State in 1987.
Since then, no State-based
terrorist outfit has disrupted the
overall peaceful environment
prevailing in the State.


Q & A
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