Pulley Systems Printed Handout - Heilman

Pulley Systems
Pulley Systems - Uses

Lifting the rescue package
Lowering under control
Small jiggers for pick offs
Pretensioned backties
Pretensioned backties
Directionals
Pulley Systems - Considerations
Hauling area & incline
Throw length
Throw length
Number of haulers
Throw length
Number of haulers
Load to be lifted
Throw length
Number of haulers
Load to be lifted
Equipment needed
Throw length
Number of haulers
Load to be lifted
Equipment needed
Resetting
Throw length
Number of haulers
Load to be lifted
Equipment needed
Resetting
Lowering ability

Pulley Systems - Definitions
Sheave is the grooved wheel that
the rope runs on
The larger the diameter of the
sheave, the less friction and the
more efficient
Usually made out of nylon or
aluminum
Side Plate can have holes or not,
and can swivel or not
Larger top attachment point allows
for the use of larger or multiple
carabiners
Bearing or Bushing are the points
where the axle meets the other
parts of the pulley
Bearings are more efficient than
bushings
This pulley with bearings has an
efficiency of 216% and with
bushings it is 198%
Becket is a lower attachment point
between the two sheaves
Can be used to attach a rope or a
second pulley
PMP or Prusik Minding Pulley
has side plates that help keep a
prusik knot from being jammed in
the pulley
The prusik knot has to be wider
than the distance between the
side plates
Directional is a pulley that is between the
pulley system and the load
Does not add any MA to the system
Change of Direction is a pulley on the
anchor that is closest to the haulers
Does not add any MA to the system
Pr is a ratchet prusik which is a type of
progress capture device
Ph is a haul prusik for attaching to the rope
Collapsed Pulleys or Two Block is when the
system can not be made any shorter
Pulley Systems - Types
Simple is if all of the traveling
pulleys move towards the anchor at
the same rate of speed

Simple
Compound is any combination of
two or more simple pulley systems
acting on each other

Simple
Compound
Complex does not follow any of the
rules for a simple or compound
pulley system
Simple Pulley System Rules
The number of pulleys plus one equals
the mechanical advantage (MA)
End of rope attached to the load means
the MA is odd
End of rope attached to the anchor
means MA is even
Cumulative friction from more than five
pulleys significantly works against MA
Compound Pulley System Rules
Total MA equals the product of each
simple pulley systems MA (2:1 acting
on 3:1 = 6:1)
The greatest MA created using the
fewest pulleys comes from 2:1 acting
on 2:1 (2:1 x 2:1 x 2:1 x 2:1 = 16:1)
Having the greater MA system acting
on the lesser means less resets
Traveling pulleys move toward anchors,
but not necessarily at the same speed
Compound Pulley System Rules
Compound systems need people at
each reset prusik for fastest action
Anchors should be offset so that each
simple system collapses at the same
time
Complex Pulley System Rules
Determining total MA requires the use
of the T method, which can also be
used for simple and compound systems
Systems that have pulleys moving
towards the load are complex
Differential pulleys can balance out
differences in rope stretch and pulling
speed
Pulley Systems T Method
Assumes no loss from friction or
ideal mechanical advantage
Assumes that the rope angle
through a pulley is very close to
180 degrees
Assumes the tension input on one
side of a pulley equals the tension
output on the other side of the
pulley

T=1
T=1
Always assume that the tension
(T) input is equal to 1, whether it is
one person or a haul team

T=1
Trace the rope through the system
and add Ts as the rope passes
through a pulley or tension point
T
T
T T
Ts adds together at junction points
T
T
T T
2T
2T
3T
Simple, compound, complex?
Total MA?
Name?
Input force?
Total MA?
Name?
Input force?
Total MA?
Name?
Input force?
Total MA?
Name?
Which anchor point should be
the strongest?
Input force?
Pulley Systems Ideal and Real MA
Do you actually work less to move a weight
using a pulley system?
Real world pulley systems lose efficiency
through friction
2 pulley with 7/16 rope has an efficiency of
about 85%
4 pulley with 7/16 rope has an efficiency of
about 95%
Bushings have an efficiency of about 85%
Bearings have an efficiency of about 95%
People are assumed to be able to pull about
50 pounds of force using gloved hands
Assuming a rescue load of 450 lbs and our
standard 5:1 simple pulley system, it should
only take 2 people to lift the load
2 people pulling 50 lbs each is 100 lbs of force
through a 5:1 pulley system generates 500 lbs
of force
But, some is lost through friction at each pulley
Assuming an IMA of 500 pounds, a loss of
90% per pulley results in 328 lbs of force
Further, assume a loss of 35% where the rope
bends over an edge using the ice tray edge
protection
It could be much greater for carpet or canvas
Our total force is now down to 213 lbs
So, using our normal raising system, we would
need about 4 people to lift a rescue load

What can improve the RMA?
Each person pulls more than 50 lbs
Edge friction is reduced
Use the most efficient pulley as close to the initial
input as possible

Pulley Systems Printed Handout - Heilman

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Pulley Systems

Pulley Systems - Uses

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