Do not be deceived.

Definition
FALLACY
Latin word fallo = I deceive
an argument whose main intention is to
deceive people

Nature of Fallacy
It is regarded as an
argument that seems
to be correct but
actually is not.



Deception comes in
when one thinks that
the argument looks
valid or true.



Before, the violations
of the rules of
syllogism are not
considered fallacies
in the strictest sense.


Nowadays, the term
fallacy is applicable
in any form of
argument that
shows inconsis-
tency and falsity.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
3. NON-SEQUITOR
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
- related to the various kinds of ambiguity which
consist of using expressions in different arguments
as though their meanings are related in the same
way.
A. EQUIVOCATION
B. AMPHIBOLY
C. COMPOSITION
D. DIVISION
E. FALSE
ANALOGY
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
A. EQUIVOCATION - a fallacy consisting of
using a word that has
different meanings in
the same argument
Every pen is a writing instrument.
The cage of a pig is a pen.
Ergo, the cage of a pig is a writing instrument.
Note: This kind of fallacy operates with the
intention of tricking a person to accept a
term as though it is a natural part of the
argument.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
B. AMPHIBOLY
- a fallacy expressed in using a
statement whose meaning is
ambiguous; thus, exposing the
statement to various
interpretations
Rita saw a cat walking on top of the table with a broken leg.

Miss Lagcao told Miss Huelar that her lost wallet was found.
Note: Because of its character, logicians came to
consider this as a form of syntactical ambiguity.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
C. COMPOSITION - a fallacy of considering
words or statements as
a whole when they
should be considered
separately.
Kris Aquino is very rich.
Kris Aquino is a Filipino.
Ergo, all Filipinos are very rich.
Note: It is an error of stating that what is true
of the part is also true of the whole.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
D. DIVISION
- a fallacy of considering words or
statements separately when
they should have been
considered as a whole
The cars engine is made up of different parts.
Each part represents the engine.
Ergo, each part is an engine.
Note: This is the inverse form of the
fallacy of composition.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
E. FALSE ANALOGY
- a fallacy of comparing two
things known to be similar in
one or more features and
suggests that they will be
similar in other areas as well
Gold glitters.
But, diamond glitters too.
Ergo, diamond is gold.
Note: This example exhibits similarities in some
aspects but to confuse them to other things
with similar attributes creates a fallacious
reasoning.
Equivocation, Amphiboly, Composition, Division or False Analogy
All the apostles of Christ are twelve.
Judas is an apostle of Christ.
Ergo, Judas is twelve.
A pitcher is a container.
A pitcher is a baseball player.
Therefore, a baseball player is a water container.
My wife Jenny said to her sister Juvy that she
has to go to the mall.
Maria is a good cook.
Maria is from Pampanga.
Ergo, everyone from Pampanga
is a good cook.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
3. NON-SEQUITOR
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
- related to the improper sequence of the premises
which make the conclusions totally insignificant to
the outcome of the argument.
- also called fallacies of relevance
- Latin: ignoratio elenchi
A. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
B. ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM
C. ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM
D. ARGUMENTUM AD VERACUNDIAM
E. ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM

Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
A. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
(ATTACK AGAINST THE PERSON)

- a fallacy that focuses on the personality of
the man rather than the merit of his argument.
FORMS:
a. Abusive
b. Circumstancial
c. Tu quoque (You, too)
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
A. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
(ATTACK AGAINST THE PERSON)

a. Abusive

- a form of argument that attacks the
person instead of proving or
disproving the issue
His face is disgusting. I will not listen to his
speech even if it turns out to be good.
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
A. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
(ATTACK AGAINST THE PERSON)

b. Circumstantial

- a form of argument that attacks focuses on
the circumstance that the person, who
makes the assertion, is in and not on the
true issue.
No matter what you say, this court will not
listen to you because you are merely an
illiterate person.
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
A. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
(ATTACK AGAINST THE PERSON)

c. Tu Quoque (You, too)

- a form of argument that a person
formulates as an attempt to throw back the
accusation hurled against him by the
accuser with the purpose of avoiding the
issue.
Rape suspect to the accuser:

I did not rape you; you planned it so that it
may happen.
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
B. ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM
(APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE)

- a fallacy that tries to ignore the issue in favor
of an appeal for popular sympathy.
There are many people all over the world
who are using condom; therefore, the
Catholic Church is wrong in considering it
as immoral.
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
C. ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM
(APPEAL TO PITY)

- a fallacy of ignoring the issue by appealing
for humanitarian consideration.
Student to a teacher:

Maam, please give me a high grade,
otherwise, I will lose my scholarship.
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
D. ARGUMENTUM AD VERACUNDIAM
(APPEAL TO INAPPROPRIATE AUTHORITY)

- this fallacy emerges when the appeal is made
to certain figure with no authoritative claim on
the issue at hand.

This skin whitening is effective because it has
been endorsed by my favorite movie star.
Kinds of Fallacy
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
E. ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM
(APPEAL TO THE STICK)

- a fallacy of accepting an argument due to
some physical or moral pressure.

Father to a child:

You must follow every word that I say or else
you will not receive any allowance from me.
Distinguish the kind of NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACY.
Wife of the accused rapist to the victim:
Please drop the case just forget the thing that my husband did
to you for the sake of our children.
You can never disprove this allegation because you
are mute.
Everybody is doing
it, why cant we?
She wants to know what
priests would say about
the issue on responsible
parenthood.
Policeman to a crime suspect:
Enter a guilty plea or else we will
torture you.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
3. NON-SEQUITOR
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
Kinds of Fallacy
3. NON-SEQUITUR (IT DOES NOT FOLLOW)
- a fallacy of stating a given fact that will inevitably
result to a particular consequence.
If you have a degree, you will surely be rich later on.

You are beautiful; ergo, you will have lots of suitors.
Kinds of Fallacy
1. FALLACIES OF EXPRESSION
2. NON-SEQUENTIAL FALLACIES
3. NON-SEQUITOR
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
Kinds of Fallacy
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
(ILLICIT GENERALIZATION)
- a fallacy which makes false generalization based
on insufficient evidence.
You dont have money today. Ergo, you are poor.

You never spoke to me. I believe you are mute.
a. Accident
b. Confusing Absolute and
Qualified Statement
c. Begging the Question
d. Consequent
e. False Cause
f. Argument from Silence
Kinds of Fallacy
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
(ILLICIT GENERALIZATION)
a. Accident a fallacy that confuses anyone from
determining that what is true in general is also
true to some specific cases.
All humans are intelligent creatures.
Rodrigo is not an intelligent person.
Ergo, Rodrigo is not human.
Kinds of Fallacy
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
(ILLICIT GENERALIZATION)
b. Confusing Absolute and Qualified Statement
the validity of something that is generally true is
misapplied to a specific exception. One also
commits such fallacy when a special case accepted
as true is incorrectly used to create a general
statement.
Some drugs help promote a persons well-
being. Therefore, indulging to cocaine is
encouraged.
Kinds of Fallacy
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
(ILLICIT GENERALIZATION)
c. Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)
a fallacy in which something which is still to be
proven is already assumed to be true.
You are a loving person because you love me.

He is a moral man because he is a good
person.
Kinds of Fallacy
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
(ILLICIT GENERALIZATION)
d. Consequent
any argument that takes the following form:
If A is true, then B is true.
B is true.
Therefore, A is true.
If I am intelligent, then I am a woman.
I am a woman.
Therefore, I am intelligent.
Note:
Even if the premises and conclusion are
all true, the conclusion is not a necessary
consequence of the premises.
Kinds of Fallacy
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
(ILLICIT GENERALIZATION)
e. False Cause
a fallacy in that implies that what is not the true
cause is assumed to be the cause of something.
It rained today because I heard you sang
last night.

I did not wear my lucky tie today thats why I did
not pass the job interview.
Kinds of Fallacy
4. FALLACIES OF ILLICIT ASSERTION
(ILLICIT GENERALIZATION)
f. Argument from Silence
a fallacy which speaks that a fact is not true or did
not occur because no recorded document will attest
to such a fact.
There is no recorded song that will prove that you
can sing very well.

The murder of a Chinese trader did not happen
because it was not reported.
Lets answer this together!
Determine what kind of fallacy is described in the following.
1. If you study, you will pass. _________________
2. Believe me or else you will be sorry. _________
3. Somebody died because of your dreams. _____
4. You are wearing make up always and normally
come home late at night; ergo, you are a
prostitute. ______________________________
5. There are no spirits because we dont see them.
6. I will not vote for that candidate because I dont
like his looks. ____________________
7. This ring is silver because it is made
from silver metal. ________________

Thank you!!!
Do not be deceived.
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