Jeffrey Joseph Fernandez

Gerffrey Chua
paper and pulp --conversion of cellulose to
paper products
consumer of large quantities of chemicals
largest energy user energy intensive
cotton and linen ---> fibers from wood
deciduous (hard) and coniferous (soft)--
prefereed because the fibers are longer



Bark - not fibrous and diificult to bleach
abrasion of the bark due to friction between logs
as they move in a rotating cylindrical drum. the
barks carried away in a stream of water, strained
out and burned
-a jet of high P water is directed tangetially to the
bark and strips away the bark cleanly, breaks it
and is sluiced away. Recovered bark is
compressed before burning and facilitate
combustion.
Goal: to release the fibrous cellulose from its
surrounding lignin but keeping them intact
(more useful fibers)
obtai good color w/o degradation and loss of
yield
Also known as sulfate pulping
Main additive: Na2SO4
Na2S
NaOH
Na2CO3
Logs are cut to convenient lengths and debarked

Chippers large rotatong disk holding 4 or more
heavy knives

Screening - separate oversized chips, the desired
prod, and sawdust, OS resent to chipper

Presteaming in the digester --- volatilizing the
turpentine and non condensable gases
meets cooking liquor 1.5 hrs at 170C
quick quench flow of cold cooking liquors
stops cooking
countercurrent displacement washing to
reduce chemical content of chips
followed by pulp contcentration (dewatering)
chips with adhering liquor known as brown
stock
used liquor ---> black liquor recovery process
bleaching agents (reducing agent)
Na2S2O4, sodium borohydride or bisulfite

oxidative bleaches
O3, Na2O2, H2O2,ClO2, Cl2

chlorine and hypochlorite -- oxidize and destroy the dyes
and tannins of the wood and leave chloride residues in the
wash water and harm the cellulose fibers. chlorine dioxide
was found better

Pulp is then diluted -- uses much water contaminating all
of it
contains 95 to 98 pct of the chemicals charged to
the digester

organic sulfur compounds, traces of lime, iron
oxide , alumina, and potash

Thomlinson kraft recovery furnace , black liquor
conc to 35% solids, multiple effect evaporator

sprayed to thomlinson furnace where it is burned
from sulfate to sulfide, steam and molten salt
mixture or smelt --- combustible
HIGH QUALITY LOW QUANTITY

high energy requirements

digestion of wood in aqueous solutions of
calcium bisulfite and SO2

sulfonation and solubilization of lignin and
hydrolytic splitting of lignin complex


oxidation of S to SO2
cooled in a horizontal cooler
gas absorption in the presence of Ca, Mg, or
NH4 compounds (absorption tower)
liquor charged to digesters 4.5 % SO2 3.5 % of
which are free
direct steam injection for heating
HE minimizes dilution of liquor
After the cooking process, blown to a tank
equipped w/ means to wash pulp with fresh water
red liquor is burnt in a boiler to produce steam
where MgO and SO2 are formed and returned to
acid tower
Screening
Centrifugation to remove foreign matter
Bleaching, bleaching is easy but fibers are weak.
replaced by kraft process when ClO2 bleaching
made it practical
Milk of lime to neutralize the mass
Washed and thickened

neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC)

high yield but poor quality and bleachability

milder cook
no chemical treatment
high T soften the lignin and make fibers less
difficult to separate
fibers are coated with lignin best for
fiberboards
chemical decomposition of non-cellulosic
constituents and results in pulp brittleness and
discoloration

Pulp --->> Paper

lacks desirable properties in a finished paper

Opacity

Strength

surface feel
Hollander beater

wooden or metal tank having rounded edges
and a partition way down the middle on one
side is a roll equipped with knives directly
below a bedplate consisting of stationary bars

beating the fiber makes the paper stronger,
more uniform, denser , more opaque and less
porous
Filler and Dyes added to the mixture and beaten to
uniformity.

Fillers are finely ground organic material that
improves the brilliance, whiteness, printability, and
opacity of the material. e.g. talc, clay, silicoaluminates,
CaCO3, TiO2

Sizing agent is added to paper to improve resistance to
penetration by fluids. most common sizing agent: rosin
soap from tall oil or wax emulsions

Improves the ability to take ink well and resist erasures
Cylinder Machine -for heavy paper and
cardboard, utilizes 4 to 7 vats where stocks are
charged

Fourdrinier machine
dilute stocks from prev operations is sent through
screens (50% fiber)
fiber remains on the screen while water runs
through screen shakes to give better fiber
orientation
Rubber deckle straps along the sides of the screens
to form the paper's edges
Pass through a series of press rolls
Drying rolls heated internally by steam (60-70pct
to 90-94pct)
Sizing, final surfacing