Cross Layer Issues in UMTS-LTE

Cross Layer Issues in UMTS-LTE
Bujar Krasniqi
bujar.krasniqi@nt.tuwien.ac.at
2008-07-03
Mobile Communication Seminar
Outline of Presentation
Date 1
Bujar Krasniqi 2008-07-03 Cross Layes Issues in UMTS-LTE
Introduction to layered system

Cross layer design approach

Layer interaction

Definition of Cross layer design

Cross layer proposals

Cross layer optimization

Conclusions

Introduction to layered system
Date 2
Why do we need Cross Layer Design (CLD) ?

Open System Interconnection (OSI)

Protocols

Quality of Service (QoS)

Types of Services

Why do we need CLD ?
Date 3
Wireless communication today is expected to be mixture of real
time traffic [1]

Different application requires differnet Quality of Service (QoS) [1]

By using Cross Layer Design (CLD) we try to offer dedicated
QoS for dedicated applications

We use CLD in order to have higher througphput, cheaper
networks, more bandwidth, which are some of the goals of LTE

OSI model
Date 4
The International Standardization Organization (ISO) began
to work in 1980s [1]

This work led to design the Open System Interconnection(OSI)
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
OSI model
Protocols
Date 5
In this model each layer communicates only with adjacent layer
above and adjacent layer below [1]

Traditional approach has been to treat the layers as different
entities

TCP/IPv4 is the most succesful implementation in OSI model [1]
Physical and Datalink
IP
TCP UDP
Application
TCP/IP and UDP in a network
QoS and types of Services
Date 6
In IPv4 QoS and routing tables were implemented differently [1]

Now QoS is a key design component of any communication
system

Types of services enable the application to tell the network
what type of netwok services the application requires [1]

Types of services are:
Minimum delay

Maximum throughput

Maximum reliability

Minimum cost

Date 7
To design a wireless network, we need to identify each process
or module

Research community is split in different groups because each
process or module has been treated seperately

CLD approach to network architecture is located where the three
groups of research intersect [1]

There is a difference between CLD in wireless and CLD in
wireline

In wireless: fading, scattering and multipath can change channel
state
Date 8

Cross
Layer
Design
Wireless
Networking
Signal Processing
Information Theory
Architecture: connection versus
connectionless
Energy efficient analysis
Scaling laws of large scale
networks
Traffic theory
Protocols
Increasing spectral efficiency
( bits / s / Hz )
Reducing Bit Error Rate ( BER)
Reducing the transmission energy
Detection and estimation algorithms
for multi-acces
Developing capacity limits
Designing efficient source coding
and channel coding algorithms
CLD as an intersection of different disciplines
Layer Interaction
Date 9
Early work done in wireline networks shows that information
exchange between protocol layers is useful, i.e [2]

TCP packet loss information communicated to the application layer

Link-MAC layer tuning transmit power of the PHY based on BER
Layer interaction can be categorized as:

Upper to lower layers (Top-down approach)

Lower to upper layers (Bottom-up approach)
Also PHY layer transmit power and BER communicated to the
Link/MAC layer enables adaptation of error mechanisms
*PHY-Physical Layer, MAC-Medium Access Control, BER- Bit Error Rate
Definition of CLD
Date 10
The layered architecture like OSI defines a hierarchy of services
to be provided by individual layers

Services at layers are realized by designing protocols for
different layers

A higher layer protocol only makes use of services at lower layers
and is not concerned how the service is being implemented

Protocols can be designed by allowing direct communication
between protocols in nonadjacent layers

Such communication between layers is named CLD. However,
this is not the only definition for CLD.
Date 11
Proposals can be divided by:

Bottom-up
Top-down
Creation of new interfaces
Merging adjacent layers (super layers)
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
B
o
t
t
o
m
-
u
p

Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
T
o
p
-
d
o
w
n
Physical layer
Medium Access Control ( MAC)
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
L3
L1
Super layer L2
L2
Date 12
The way of exchanging information between layers [3]

Direct communication between layers

A shared database across the layers
Physical layer
Direct communication
between different layers
Medium Access Control ( MAC)
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
L3
L2
L1
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
Transport channels
Logical channels
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
A shared database
A shared
database
Date 13
Future wireless communication like LTE requires optimization of
parameters in all layers

For optimum performance, parameter setup should take into
account the properties of application

We formulate CLD problem as an optimization problem with
objective to select joint strategy across multiple OSI layers

Joint cross layer optimization strategy is defined as: [4]

there are possible joint strategies
{ }
A M P
N N N
APP APP MAC MAC PHY PHY S ,..., , ,..., , ,...,
1 1 1
=
A M P
N N N N =
*APP-application layer
Date 14
denote the number of adaptation and protection
strategies available in PHY, MAC and APP

Modulation, channel coding schemes existing for a UMTS or LTE
are contained on this set

Packetization, ARQ, scheduling, admission control and FEC are
contained on this set

Adaptation of video compression, traffic prioritization are
contained on this set
A M P
N N N , ,
{ }
P i
N i PHY ,..., 1 , e
{ }
M i
N i MAC ,..., 1 , e
{ }
A i
N i APP ,..., 1 , e
*ARQ-Automatic Repeat Request, FEC-Forward Error Coding
Joint cross layer optimization
Date 15
The joint CLO strategy is to find the best multimedia quality

where
)) ( ( ) ( x S Q argmax x S
S
opt
=

Finding the optimal solution is hard because the set contains
a lot of parameters

Joint CLO means optimization utility for given constraints

The objective function can be a utility function which is often
chosen to be concave and strictly increasing [5]
max
max
)) ( (
)) ( (
P x S Power
D x S Delay
s
s
Joint cross layer optimization
Date 16
The conceptual scheme for joint CLO is: [4]

Optimize utility
given constraints
Different
layer
parameters
Output
( Cross layer adaptation strategy )
Constraints
(delay, power, etc.)
Input media
Utility function
Date 17
The graph of choosen utility function is

We use this function to explain NUM by using mathematical
decomposition techniques for CLD [6]

) (x U
x
*NUM-Network Utility Maximization
Network utility maximization
Date 18
The simplest optimization problem is when the objective function
contain just a parameter

A higher throughput can be obtained on a link if tradeoff is made
between data rate and reliability

For example: with lower decoding reliability we have higher data
rate and with higher reliability we have lower data rate

- source data rate
- reliability
e
> s
S(l) s
l s
s
s
0 x l, , C x to subject
) U(x maximize
s
x
R
Network utility maximization
Date 19
The graphical representation between data rate and reliability
is:
Rate (log)
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

(
l
o
g
)
Now the utility function U(.) will be defined as a function of rate
and reliability
Differentiated dynamic reliability
Date 20
The optimization problem that represents tradeoff between rate
and reliability for differentiated dynamic reliability case is: [6]
S(l) s l, , C c 0
S(l) s l, 1, r 0
s 1, R R
s , x x x
l , C c
S(l) s l, , c
r
x
s ), (r E 1 R to subject
) R , (x U maximize
max
l s l,
s l,
s
min
s
max
s s
min
s
S(l) s
max
l s l,
s l,
s l,
s
L(s) l
s l, l s
s
s s s
e s s
e s s
s s
s s
s
e s
s
e
e
- E error probability
Date 21
The network diagram for that optimization problem is:
Source s Link l
Network
Network
s
x
s
R
e
=
) (
,
) ( 1
s L l
s l l
s
r E R
) ( ,
) (
l S s s l
r
e
) ( ,
) (
l S s s l
c
e
) (
) (
l S s s
x
e
Network diagram contain just primal variables
Date 22
We use primal-dual mathematical decomposition techniques to
solve the optimization problem for rate-reliability tradeoff

The Lagrangian of the constrained optimization problem is
where

and
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ =
e
s
s
l l S s
s l l s s l s l s l
s
s s s
s
s s s
r E r c
R x R x U c r R x L

) (
, , , ,
' ' '
log log
, ) , , , , , ' (
e
=
) (
,
l S l
s l
s

s s
x x log ' =
Date 23
Based on primal-dual mathematical decompositon
Source rates=Primal variables
Congestion prices=Dual variables
Lagrange multipliers and are dual variables

Dual problem is:

The Lagrange dual function is:

( )
0
0 to subject
, P minimize
>
>
) , , , , , ' ( max ) , ( c r R x L P
s Constraint
=
Date 24
The diagram for distributed algorithm of the differentiated
dynamic reliability is
Source s Link l
Network
Network
s
x
s
s
R
e
=
) (
,
) ( 1
s L l
s l l
s
r E R
e
=
) (
,
s L l
s l
s

) ( ,
) (
l S s s l e
) ( ,
) (
l S s s l
r
e
) ( ,
) (
l S s s l
c
e
) (
) (
l S s s
x
e
) (
) (
l S s s e
CLO based on layer description

Date 25
Now we propose a concept of exchanging information between
adjacent layers in terms of layer description [7]

The model is:
Layer (n+1)
Layer (n-1)
Layer (n)
1 n
D
Layer (1)
n
D
1 + n
D
1 + n
y
n
y
1
D
CLO based on layer description
Date 26
The layer output set is defined as:

Layer function is

{ }
1 1 1
, : ) , (
, 0

e e e =
n n n n
N
n n n n
D d x R d x f y
n
_
n o
N
n n n
R D f
,
1
:

_
- set of feasible parameter values,
- description of layer n-1
n
_
1 n
D
Conclusions
Date 27
OSI model can not be a dedicated model for next wireless
systems

By using CLD techniques we need to adapt OSI model for
dedicated wireless system

It is very important to have a communication between nonadjacent
layers

By using CLD we should try to be more energy efficient

References
Date 28
[1] Frank Aune Cross-Layer Tutorial NTNU ,2004

[2] V.T. Raisinghani, S.Iyder Cross-Layer optimization in wireless protocols 2003

[3] V. Srivastava, M.Moutani Cross-Layer design: A survey and the road ahead 2005

[4] M. Schaar, D.Shankar Cross-Layer wireless multimedia transmission: Challenges,
principles, and new paradigms, 2005

[5] S.Stanczak, M Wiczanowski and H.Boche Resource allocation in wireless networks
Springer 2006

[6] J. Lee, M.Chiang, R. Calderbank Network utility maximization and price-based distributed
algorithms for rate-reliability tradeoff 2006

[7] J.Brehmer and W.Utschick Modular cross-layer optimization based on layer descriptions

[8] S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe Convex Optimization Cambridge , 2004
Thank you for your attention !

Cross Layer Issues in UMTS-LTE

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Cross Layer Issues in UMTS-LTE

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Cross Layer Issues in UMTS-LTE

CLO based on layer description

S-ar putea să vă placă și