Mba10 PPT 0604

Chapter 6
Section 4
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Special Factoring Techniques
Factor a difference of squares.
Factor a perfect square trinomial.
Factor a difference of cubes.
Factor a sum of cubes.
1
4
3
2
6.4
By reversing the rules for multiplication of
binomials from Section 5.6, we get rules for
factoring polynomials in certain forms.
Special Factoring Techniques
Slide 6.4 - 3
Objective 1
Slide 6.4 - 4
The formula for the product of the sum and difference of the
same two terms is
Slide 6.4 - 5

Reversing this rule leads to the following special factoring rule.
( )( )
2 2
. x y x y x y + =
( )( )
2 2
x y x y x y = +

The following conditions must be true for a binomial to be a
difference of squares:

1. Both terms of the binomial must be squares, such as
x
2
, 9y
2
, 25, 1, m
4
.

2. The second terms of the binomials must have
different signs (one positive and one negative).

( )( )
2 2 2
16 4 4 4 m m m m = = + For example, .
EXAMPLE 1
Factor each binomial if possible.
Solution:
Factoring Differences of
Squares
Slide 6.4 - 6
2
81 t
2 2
r s
2
16
25
x
2
10 t
2
36 t +
( )( )
9 9 t t = +
( )( )
r s r s = +
4 4
5 5
x x
| || |
= +
| |
\ .\ .
prime
prime
After any common factor is removed, a sum of squares cannot
be factored.
Factor each difference of squares.
EXAMPLE 2
Factoring Differences of Squares
Slide 6.4 - 7
Solution:
2
49 25 x
2 2
64 81 a b
( )( )
7 5 7 5 x x = +
( )( )
8 9 8 9 a b a b = +
You should always check a factored form by multiplying.
EXAMPLE 3
Factor completely.
Factoring More Complex
Differences of Squares
Slide 6.4 - 8
Solution:
2
50 32 r
4
100 z
4
81 z
( )
2
2 25 16 r =
( )( )
2 2
10 10 z z = +
( )( )
2 2
9 9 z z = +
( )( )
2 5 4 5 4 r r = +
Factor again when any of the factors is a difference of squares as in
the last problem.
Check by multiplying.
( )
( )( )
2
9 3 3 z z z = + +
Objective 2
Slide 6.4 - 9
The expressions 144, 4x
2
, and 81m
6
are called perfect squares
because

A perfect square trinomial is a trinomial that is the
square of a binomial. A necessary condition for a trinomial to
be a perfect square is that two of its terms be perfect squares.
Even if two of the terms are perfect squares, the trinomial
may not be a perfect square trinomial. We can multiply to see
that the square of a binomial gives one of the following
perfect square trinomials.
Slide 6.4 - 10
2
144 , 12 =
( )
2
2
4 , 2 x x =
( )
2
6 3
81 9 . m m =
( )
2
2 2
2 x xy y x y + =
( )
2
2 2
2 x xy y x y + + = +
and
EXAMPLE 4
Solution:
( )
2
10 k = +
Factoring a Perfect Square
Trinomial
Slide 6.4 - 11
Factor k
2
+ 20k + 100.
2
20 100 k k = + +
Check :
2 10 20 k k =
EXAMPLE 5
Factor each trinomial.
Factoring Perfect Square
Trinomials
Slide 6.4 - 12
Solution:
2
24 144 x x +
2
25 30 9 x x +
2
36 20 25 a a + +
( )
2
12 x =
( )
2
5 3 x =
prime
3 2
18 84 98 x x x + + ( )
2
2 9 42 49 x x x = + +
( )
2
2 3 7 x x = +
1. The sign of the second term in the squared binomial is
always the same as the sign of the middle term in the
trinomial.
Slide 6.4 - 13
Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
3. Perfect square trinomials can also be factored by using
grouping or the FOIL method, although using the method
of this section is often easier.
2. The first and last terms of a perfect square trinomial
must be positive, because they are squares. For example,
the polynomial x
2
2x 1 cannot be a perfect square,
because the last term is negative.
Objective 3
Slide 6.4 - 14
Just as we factored the difference of squares in Objective 1,
we can also factor the difference of cubes by using the
following pattern.

This pattern for factoring a difference of cubes should be memorized.
Slide 6.4 - 15
( )
( )
3 3 2 2
x y x y x xy y = + +
The polynomial x
3
y
3
is not equivalent to (x y

)
3
, because (x y

)
3

can also be written as

but
( ) ( )( )( )
3
x y x y x y x y =
( )( )
2 2
2 x y x xy y = +
( )( )
3 3 2 2
x y x y x xy y = + +
same sign
positive
opposite sign
Factor each polynomial.
EXAMPLE 6
Factoring Differences of Cubes
Slide 6.4 - 16
Solution:
3
216 x
3
27 8 x
3
5 5 x
( )
( )
2
6 6 36 x x x = + +
( )
( )
2
3 2 9 6 4 x x x = + +
3 6
64 125 x y
( )( )
2 2 2
4 5 16 20 25 x y x xy = + +
( )
3
5 1 x =
( )
( )
2
5 1 1 x x x = + +
A common error in factoring a difference of cubes, such as
x
3
y
3
= (x y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
), is to try to factor x
2
+ xy + y
2
.
It is easy to confuse this factor with the perfect square trinomial
x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
. But because there is no 2, it is unusual to be able to
further factor an expression of the form x
2
+ xy +y
2
.
Objective 4
Slide 6.4 - 17
A sum of squares, such as m
2
+ 25, cannot be
factored by using real numbers, but a sum of cubes
can be factored by the following pattern.

Slide 6.4 - 18
Note the similarities in the procedures for factoring a sum of cubes
and a difference of cubes.
1. Both are the product of a binomial and a trinomial.
2. The binomial factor is found by remembering the cube root,
same sign, cube root.
3. The trinomial factor is found by considering the binomial
factor and remembering, square first term, opposite of the
product, square last term.
( )
( )
3 3 2 2
x y x y x xy y + = + +
same sign
positive
opposite sign
The methods of factoring discussed in this section are
summarized here.
Slide 6.4 - 19
EXAMPLE 7
Factoring Sums of Cubes
Slide 6.4 - 20
Factor each polynomial.
Solution:
3
64 p +
3 3
27 64 x y +
6 3
512a b +
( )
( )
2
4 4 16 p p p = + +
( )
( )
2 2
3 4 9 12 16 x y x xy y = + +
( )( )
2 4 2 2
8 64 8 a b a a b b = + +

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Chapter 6

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