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SCHOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHEMICAL BONDS
IV. Reference:
I. INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
• Definition: Chemical bond is link between atoms of two or more
elements by mutual attraction.
• Purpose:
Chemical bond influences to the nature of chemical compounds.
- Physical properties: effects to the solubility, the melting and
boiling point, etc …
- Chemical properties: makes the bonds become long or short,
weak or strong, etc ….
CLASSIFICATION
Important
chemical
bonds.
OCTET RULE
The Octet rule: says that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight electrons in their
outermost energy level and obtain stable configuration of noble gas.
••
Na Cl ••
••
lone pair
bond pair
VALENCE ELECTRONS
• Classification in Electronegativity:
The difference of electronegativity determine type of chemical bond.
Bond strength
Bond length:
Bond length
• Determine the overall size and shape of a molecule.
Example:
Properties:
Lattice structure of
Sodium Chloride Iron oxide
sodium chloride
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Properties of ionic compounds:
State: solid
Crystal pattern: every ion is attracted to
all other ions with the opposite charge
and repulsions are minimized, resulting
a well-defined crystal.
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Properties of ionic compounds:
High melting point and boiling point
Solubility: are soluble in water and many polar solvents.
Formation
Each atom contributes one electron to a shared electron pair to
attain stable configuration for each atom.
COVALENT BOND
Example: Dihydrogen
An oxygen atom which has two unpaired electrons in its outer shell and two
hydrogen atoms which also have two valence electrons attract each other to
form two covalent bonds by sharing electrons.
COVALENT BOND
Properties
H2 O2
POLAR VS. NONPOLAR BOND
Polar bond
• The electron pair is not equally shared.
• The bond is usually formed by different electronegative atoms.
• The bond is polarized because it has one positive end and one
negative end.
•The share electron pair is shifted from the center and pulled away
from one atom.
Example: HCl, H2O
HCl H2O
POLAR VS. NONPOLAR BOND
O2 N2
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
VSEPR
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsiontheory
SOME COMMON GEOMETRIES
Linear
180o apart
H Be H
120o apart
SOME COMMON GEOMETRIES
Tetrahedral
109.50 apart
IONIC BOND
vs
COVALENT BOND
IONIC BOND VS. COVALENT BOND
Give me an example!
ammonia, NH3 …
Water