Cerebrum & Cerebellum

Brodman Brain
Maping
corpus
callosum,
corpus callosum,
Left
Right
Electroencephalography / EEG
8-128 electrodes amplifying unit attach on scalp
to monitor the neuron activity of each lobes of
brain.
EEG is important for examine the seizure,
study of sleep, evaluating cerebral effect of
disease, mental stage (stress level), original of
certain signal or performance task, mapping
the brain for sensory & motor are, acute
intoxication with anesthetic level of drug
(babiturates), localized area of tumor, and
brain injury.
Neurological condition with abnormal EEG
1. Epilepsy: all types of generalized epileptic
seizure (grand mal & petit mal), focal seizure.
2. Brain tumor, abscess & subdural hematoma
3. Cerebrovascular diseases: cerebral infar &
intracranial hemorrhages.
4. Brain injury: Disease that cause coma & state of
impaired consciousness (meningitis or
encephalitis,
severe disorder of blood gases & glucose,
electrolyte and water balance, uremia,
diabeticcoma, and impairment of consciousness
accompanying the large cerebral lession.
Methods
1. Subject: Student (age 18~23, healthy & normal sense of
smell, right handed, have not been previously exposed or
experienced the aromatic oils used in this study.
The volunteers were seated in a comfortable armchair in a
silent dimly room at 242 C. They were asked to keep
their eyes opening, relax, pay attention to the aroma
stimuli and not wiggle unnecessarily during the
experimental period.
2. EEG recording; 19 leads electrodes (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4,
Fz, F7, F8, P3, Pz, P4, T3, T4, T5, T6, C3, Cz, C4, O1,
O2) were glue to the scalp referred to the ipsilateral
earlobe. Connected to computer for data storage, data analysis,
and data acquisition at sampling rate 250/Sec using brain
topographic software named ATAMAP by Kissei Comtech Co. Ltd.
Methods (19 Electrodes position on Scalp referred
to the ipsilateral earlobe)
Fp1
Fp2
F7
F3
F4
Fz F8
T3 C3
Cz
C4
T5
P3
Pz P4
T4
T6
O1
O2
8~13Hz
>14Hz
4~7Hz
1~ 4<Hz
Type of EEG wave
Methods
Sealed room
for EEG
recording

Computer / data
acquisition system with
brain topograpic software
EEG 21 Channel recorder

Methods
QuickTime and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
EEGs Box Aromatic oil
EEG recording from a normal human subject
Stage 1 REM sleep 7-10Hz drowsy easily to be arouse, BP & HR
increase, GIT motility decrease, visual dreaming
Stage 2 light sleep 3-7Hz (burst 12-14Hz sleep spindle),easily arouse.
Stage 3 Deep sleep 1-2 Hz,muscle tone & reflex activity are
depressed. BP falls, HR low & pupil constrict
Stage 4 Deepest sleep, 1-2Hz, BP falls, HR low GIT motility increase
Normal recording during wakeful stage
Comatose patient
Types of epileptic form of discharges
Right frontal tumor
Generalized 3 Hz spike and wave discharge during seizure and normal stage.
Light flash at 14 flashes /second / photoparaoxysmal response
Focal motor seizure (fokal spike discharge in right frontal region
Petit mal epilepsy 3/sec. spike & wave discharge
Large, slow, iregular delta wave discharge after stroke.
Activity Interrupted by repetitive of large, sharp wave (Creutzfeld-Jakon disease )
Advance hepatic coma (slow 2/Sec. Wave discharge)
Deep coma following cardiac arest / brain death
INTRODUCTION
We are born with fixed number of billions
110~130neurons (living cells) connected to
each other through millions of networks.
It would be wonderful if our brain / neurons
could be like muscle that we could exercise
and increase in size and strength.
Now scientist believe that our brain can be
physically improve through proper
stimulation.
In principle, the stimulation can be done through
aromatheraphy and biofeedback techniques.
INTRODUCTION
The neurons are responding to all our thoughts,
emotion and feelings in form of syncronise
electrical activities can be measure by EEG.
Every thoughts, feelings, sensations, memory and
level of awareness has a corresponding brain
wave pattern. If you want to control your
experience, learn to control your brain wave.
Thus we can use this positive feedback to train
people to take control of their thoughts and
feelings to produce positive resourceful mental
states and also to help them stay healthy and
happy via aromatheraphy or biofeedback.
Normal Environment Enrich Environment + Rosemery
Hippocampus Neuronal Network in aging rats Brain
Results
INTRODUCTION
Aromatherapy was used by the most ancient
civilization (by Egyptians, Greek & Romans) and is
reputed to at least 6,000 years olds.
Aromatic oils have been used for thousand years not
only for their fragrance, but for culinary,
therapeutic ritual, spiritual purposes and anti
microbiology activity.
Besides, aromatherapy is believed to have a
favorable effect on the immune and nervous systems,
as well as re-balancing body natural energies. Which
is useful to treat psychological symptoms (i.e.
depression, anxiety, mental confusion, impair
concentration) and antidote for stress
INTRODUCTION
The benefits of olfactory aromatherapy are
experienced when essential oils are inhaled.
Direct inhalation or diffusion will enhance
emotional wellness, relax or rejuvenate.
Pleasurable scents unlock odor memories, trigger
our emotions and release stress.
Essential oils can bring your body back into
harmony with itself by encouraging the natural
forces within to realign. It is a complement to, not
a replacement for, medical treatment.
INTRODUCTION
To its adherents, aromatherapy is not just about
fragrance, but about healing. To them, the
healing properties come from highly
concentrated aromatic oils extracted from herbs,
flowers, and other plants.
When inhaled, the response to active ingredients is
integrated at the limbic system to stimulate responses
within the brain causing the release of psychoactive
chemicals and opening up a wide range of conscious
sensitivities.
INTRODUCTION
In addition, aromatic oil is believed to have a
favorable effect on the immune and nervous
systems, as well as re-balancing body natural
energies.
Thus, the use of aromatic oils in alternative
medicine for treatment of psychological
symptoms and antidote for stress has been
intensively studied recently.
INTRODUCTION
Thus we can use this positive feedback using fragrances
to train people to take control of their thoughts and
feelings to produce positive resourceful mental states
and also to help them stay healthy and happy.
Fragrance capable of producing changes in the electrical
activity of the users brain. When these occur we may
experience deep stress-relieving relaxation, increased
receptivity to information ( with the ability to process
and recall it) and automatic changes in dysfunction
thoughts, feeling, and behaviors.
We may also enter a creative reverie with fertile ideas
and solutions to problems.
Results
Con Dil Fen Be Con Dil Fe Be Con Dil Fe Be

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2
Fp2
8.5 12.3 19.1 11.6 4.7 5.5 3.3 9.6 8.2 15.7 11.8 11.7 8.2 19.0 21.6 25.1 15.4 23.5 6.0 6.4
F3
11.8 12.9 22.1 20.6 4.2 7.4 11.0 10.3 8.1 18.2 12.8 17.4 16.1 30.5 8.1 19.7 6.4 10.8 8.3 13.3
F4
10.9 12.5 17.9 16.7 8.1 5.7 3.6 10.6 7.4 15.1 17.3 18.1 15.1 33.4 21.8 24.7 14.8 23.5 8.2 10.8
C3
14.5 15.5 16.2 20.4 4.0 7.3 11.0 10.8 8.9 29.2 15.6 21.4 14.2 28.3 9.7 23.1 6.5 10.6 8.1 12.0
C4
11.1 11.0 13.6 17.9 7.3 6.4 3.2 12.3 7.7 28.8 16.0 19.6 17.1 34.4 20.9 27.9 15.1 26.0 7.3 9.7
P3
14.5 15.5 16.2 20.4 4.0 7.3 11.0 10.8 8.9 29.2 15.6 21.4 14.2 28.3 9.7 23.1 6.5 10.6 8.1 12.0
P4
11.1 11.0 13.6 17.9 7.3 6.4 3.2 12.3 7.7 28.8 16.0 19.6 17.1 34.4 20.9 27.9 15.1 26.0 7.3 9.7
O1
14.3 15.4 10.0 23.3 4.8 10.8 11.8 12.7 10.4 46.5 26.0 26.9 12.9 26.3 11.3 20.8 6.5 9.27 8.2 8.2
O2
9.0 8.6 10.3 17.4 7.3 8.8 3.5 12.0 7.9 42.0 20.3 23.1 18.8 33.9 20.8 26.2 15.7 28.0 8.2 8.9
T3
9.8 12.1 19.7 18.6 4.2 20.6 11.4 15.2 11.0 38.5 26.5 29.1 12.4 24.1 13.0 20.9 5.9 8.4 7.7 9.4
T4
7.7 8.8 9.7 15.6 2.0 9.6 2.8 8.5 5.3 35.9 15.2 21.6 19.8 37.9 12.4 26.7 13.6 22.1 6.9 7.3
T5
9.8 12.1 19.7 18.6 4.2 20.6 11.4 15.2 11.0 38.5 26.5 29.1 12.4 24.1 13.0 20.9 5.9 8.4 7.7 9.4
T6
7.7 8.8 9.7 15.6 2.0 9.6 2.8 8.5 5.3 35.9 15.2 21.6 19.8 37.9 12.4 26.7 13.6 22.1 6.9 7.3
Fz
17.3 22.8 23.9 20.8 5.7 6.0 10.7 9.5 8.3 18.3 15.2 17.8 10.9 21.8 7.5 15.0 5.5 8.4 7.3 14.0
Cz
16.2 19.3 19.4 20.1 5.3 6.7 10.7 10.6 8.9 25.8 14.5 20.6 13.8 26.5 8.7 19.7 5.7 9.3 7.9 12.6
Pz
13.8 17.2 12.8 20.1 5.7 7.9 11.3 12.0 8.3 43.7 13.2 25.6 14.2 29.2 10.2 20.5 6.6 8.9 8.6 10.4
X
11.8 13.5 15.9 38.4 5.0 9.2 7.7 11.3 8.9 30.6 13.3 21.5 14.8 29.4 13.9 23.1 9.9 16.0 7.7 10.1
SD
3.02 3.9 4.6 2.7 1.8 4.7 4.0 2.0 1.6 10.1 4.8 4.5 3.21 5.6 5.3 3.6 4.4 7.8 0.6 2.2
tota
l
11.8 13.5 15.9 38.4 14.3 19.0 38.6 32.2 44.2 37.0 25.9 17.8
Results (No significant change in & )
Aromatic oil Theta (4~7.5 Hz) in %
X SD
Alpha (8~12.5 Hz) in %
X SD
Thermograph
(Palm)
Control 11.8 3.0 14.3 3.2 No changed
Cinnamon Leaves 13.5 3.7 26.6 9.2 No changed
Citronelle 14.7 5.3 15.1 6.1 No changed
Cypress extra 14.5 3.2 26.0 9.2 No changed
Dill 8.4 3.2 14.2 8.1 No changed
Fir, balm 15.9 3.9 16.4 3.7 No changed
Geranium rose 16.3 3.3 12.9 4.8 No changed
Grapefruit, pink 10.0 6.5 13.8 4.1 No changed
Guiaiac-wood 21.5 7.9 18.4 6.1 No changed
Control bergamot Benzoin
Benzoin Dill
Cedar atlas wood
Cypress Citronrlle Copaiva balm
Results Summary of EEG coherence pattern on a series of experiment
Results EEG coherence pattern on wave output
Control / baseline Dill
Fennel
Benzoin
Results EEG coherence pattern on
1
wave output
Control / baseline
Dill
Fennel
Benzoin
Control / baseline
Results EEG coherence pattern on
2
wave output
Dill
Fennel
Benzoin
Benzoin
Dill Fennel
Power array on each scalp area and EEG coherence pattern on , &
Control / baseline
Results
Summary
Cinnamon leaves, Citronelle, Cypress extra, Dill, Fir
balm, Geranium rose, Grapefruit and Guiaiac-wood
had no significantly changed in ,
1
&
2
wave
output and also no changed in palm temperature.
Basil, Cedar atlas wood, Clove bud extra, Copaiva a
balm, Fennel and Frankincense induced an increase
only in
2
>
1
without affecting the wave output.
Basil, Clove bud extra and Fennel induced increase
in palm temperature.
Benzoin and Bergamot induced an increase in ,
1

&
2
wave output and also an increased in palm
temperature.
Discussion
Fennel, Basil, Capaiva balm, Frankincense, Clove bud
extra and Cedar atlas wood fragrances induced a
significant increase in alpha rhythm particular on
alpha-2 band. These indicate that possible used of these
aromatic oils for relaxation and refresh mind.
The increased of alpha rhythm was discovered by
1. Walker 1977 & Iwaki T. et al 1977 on individual
listening to pleasant music.
2. Kohrman M. et al 1989 on individual in a pleasant
environment & feeling of relaxed.
3. Ramos J and Corsi-Cabrera M 1989 when person is in
alertness or wakefulness (arouse), and concentrating .
4. Pritcharcd WS. et al.1995 during smoking.
Discussion
EEG coherence value for alpha-2 induced by these
aromatic oils showed an increase on both side of cortical
region and enhance spatial-temporal reasoning was also
reported by Sarnthein J et al. 1997 in individual
listening to music. However the co-implication between
this need more study.
Benzoin and Begamot induced significant
increased in theta and alpha wave may indicate
the possible influence of these aromatic oils on
induce early sleeping and relaxation stage.
EEG coherence on theta band showed an increase on
left frontal, central, parietal and occipital lobes may
need to further investigate the implication use
Discussion
Basil, Clove bud extra Fennel, Benzoin and Bergamot
induced increase
2
wave output and also an increased
in palm temperature.
The increased in alpha activity may indicated
the relaxation stage of volunteer, may reduced
the Sympathetic Nervous System activity which
cause an increase the peripheral blood flow to the
palm area that increase the palm temperature.
This result supported the research finding by Brownley
et al. 1995, that volunteer were relaxed when listening to
music as indicated by increased in
2
activity and
increased in peripheral skin temperature.
Conclusion
Fennel, Basil, Capaiva balm,
Frankincense, Clove bud extra and Cedar
atlas wood fragrances induced a significant
increase in alpha rhythm particular on
alpha-2 band and palm temperature . Thus
they cab be use for as antidote for stress.
Benzoin and Begamot induced
significant increased in theta and alpha
wave may indicate the possible use to
treat insomnia.