BKF2422 HEAT TRANSFER

Chapter 2

Principles of steady-state heat
transfer in conduction



1
It is expected that students will be able to:
Solve problems using steady-state conduction
principles for one-dimensional solid conduction
heat transfer in parallel and series
Calculate overall heat transfer coefficient to solve
problems related to combined conduction and
convection heat transfer mechanism.
Solve the problem related to internal heat
generation and determine the critical thickness
and of insulation for a cylinder
Apply shape factor to estimate the
multidimensional heat transfer
2
One Dimensional Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction Through a Plane Wall
Conduction Through Solids In Series
Conduction Through Solids In Parallel
Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder
Conduction Through a Multilayer Cylinders
Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere
Combined Conduction and Convection and
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Conduction with Internal Heat Generation
Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Cylinder
Multidimensional Conduction Heat Transfer -
Shape Factor

3
For steady state, the equation can be integrated,






This equation is basically a matter of putting in values to
solve.
( )
2 1
1 2
2
1
2
1
T T
x x
k
A
q
dT k dx
A
q
x
T
T
x
x
x

=
=
} }
4
Conduction Through a Plane Wall.












The temperature various linearly with distance.
0
x x Distance,x (m)
T
1
T
2
Temperature, (K)
T
2
T
1
q

R
T T
kA x
T T
q
2 1 2 1

=
A

=
5
Calculate the heat loss per m
2
of surface area for an
insulating wall composed of 25.4 mm thick fiber
insulating board, where the inside temperature is
352.7 K and the outside temperature is 297.1K.
(Thermal conductivity for fiber insulating board is
0.048 W/m.K.)


Answer: 105.1 W/m
2
6
Conduction Through Solids In Series.

T
1
A B C
q T
2
T
3

Dx
A
Dx
B
Dx
C
T
4


The rate of heat transfer,


where,
C
R R R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
q
B A C B A
+ +

=

=
4 1 4 3 3 2 2 1
A k
x
R
A
A
A
A
=
A k
x
R
B
B
B
A
=
A k
x
R
C
C
C
A
=
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
7
A cold storage room is constructed of an inner layer
of 12.7 mm of pine, a middle layer of 101.6 mm of
cork board and an outer layer of 76.2 mm of
concrete. The wall surface temperature is 255.4 K
inside the cold room and 297.1 K at the outside
surface of concrete. The conductivities for pine,
0.151; cork board, 0.0433; and concrete, 0.762
W/m.K. Calculate the heat loss in W for 1 m
2
of the
wall and the temperature at the interface between
wood and cork board.

Answer: (-16.48 W, 256.79 K)
8
Conduction Through Solids In Parallel





A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .......
T A B C D E F G
C C A A B B D D
A
A B C D
q q q q q q q q
k A k A k A k A
q T T T T T T T T
x x x x
= = + + = = +
= = + + =
A A A A
9
Conduction Through A Hollow Cylinder.
T
2
L
r
2


q
r
1


The cross-sectional area normal to the heat flow is, A
=2trL.
The rate of heat transfer,


dr
dT
k
A
q
=
10
} }
=
=
2
1
2
1
2
r
r
T
T
dT k
r
dr
L
q
dr
dT
k
A
q
t
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
ln
) ( 2
2 2 ln
2 2
ln
r r
r r L
Lr Lr
Lr Lr
A A
A A
A
lm

=
t
t t
t t
1 2
2 1
r r
T T
kA q
lm

=
or
( )
( )
2 1
1 2
ln
2
T T
r r
L
k q =
t
Where:
( )
( )
kL
r r
kA
r r
R
R
T T
kA r r
T T
q
lm
lm
t 2
ln
1 2 1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1
=

=
11
A thick wall cylindrical tubing of hard rubber having
and inside radius of 5 mm and an outside radius of 20
mm is being used as a temporary cooling coil in a
bath. Ice water is flowing rapidly inside, and the
inside wall temperature is 274.9 K. The outside
temperature is at 297.1 K. A total of 14.65 W must
be removed from the bath by the cooling coil. How
many m tubing are needed?(k=1.15 W/m.K)


Answer: 0.964 m
12
Conduction Through a Multilayer Cylinders.








Example, heat is being transferred through the walls of
an insulated pipe.
T
1

T
2

T
3

T
4

r
1

r
2

r
3

r
4

q
A
B
C
13
At steady-state, the heat-transfer rate q, is the same for
each layer.

The rate of heat transfer,



where,


C B A C B A
R R R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
q
+ +

=

=
4 1 4 3 3 2 2 1
( )
L k
r r
R
A
A
t 2
ln
1 2
=
( )
L k
r r
R
B
B
t 2
ln
2 3
=
( )
L k
r r
R
C
C
t 2
ln
3 4
=
14
A thick walled tube of stainless steel (A) having a k =
21.63 W/m.K with dimensions of 0.0254 m ID and
0.0508 m OD is covered with a 0.0254 m thick layer of
insulation (B), k = 0.2423 W/m.K. The inside wall
temperature of the pipe is 811 K and the outside is at
310.8 K. For a 0.305 m length pipe, calculate the heat
loss and also the temperature at the interface between
the metal and the insulation.

Answer: (331.7 W, 805.5 K)


15
Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere

T
2
r
2

q r
1
T
1



The cross-sectional area normal to the heat flow is, A =
4tr
2
.
The rate of heat transfer,


dr
dT
k
A
q
=
16
( )
R
T T
k
r r
T T
T T
r r
k
q
dT k
r
dr q
r
r
T
T
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
4
1 1
1 1
4
4
2
1
2
1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
} }
t
t
t
17
Consider a spherical container of inner radius
= 8 cm, outer radius = 10 cm, and thermal
conductivity k = 45 W/m.K. The inner and
outer surfaces of the container are
maintained at constant temperatures of T
1
=
200
o
C and T
2
= 80
o
C, respectively, as a result
of some chemical reactions occurring inside.
Determine the rate of heat loss from the
container.

Answer: 27.1 kW
18
Temperature Profile for Heat Transfer By Convection
From One Fluid To Another.
film
film Metal wall
Warm liquid A
Cold fluid B
T
6

T
5

T
4

T
3

T
2

T
1

q
19
Region,
T
1
T
2
: turbulent fluid flow. Mainly convective heat transfer.
T
2
T
3
: velocity gradient very steep. No turbulent flow,
(i.e. only laminar). Mainly conductive heat transfer.
T
3
T
4
: conductive heat transfer.
T
4
T
5
: no turbulent in film, mainly conductive heat transfer
T
5
T
6
: turbulent flow, convective heat transfer.
T
1
T
2
and T
5
T
6
: different are small.

Convective coefficient for heat transfer through a fluid:
q = hA(T T
w
)
where,
h = convective heat transfer coefficient.
T = average temperature in fluid.
T
w
= temperature of wall in contact.
20
Combined Convection and Conduction and Overall
Coefficients.
Heat flow with convective boundaries: plane wall

( ) ( ) ( )
o A i
o i
o A A i
o i
R R R
T T
A h A k x A h
T T
q
+ +

=
+ A +

=
1 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
o i
o A A i
o i
T T UA
h k x h
T T A
q =
+ A +

=
1 1
T
i

T
1

T
2

T
o

q
h
i

h
o

Ax
A


21
Heat flow with convective boundaries: cylindrical wall
with insulation.

T
1

T
2

T
3

T
4

r
O

r
i

r
1

h
o

h
i

A
B
22
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
o A A o i o i i o
o
o o i A A i i o i
i
o o i i
o o A A i o i i
h A k A r r h A A
U
h A A A k A r r h
U
R
T T
T T A U T T A U q
R
T T
A h A k r r A h
T T
q
lm
lm
lm
1
1
1
1
1 1
4 1
4 1 4 1
4 1 4 1
+ +
=
+ +
=

= = =

=
+ +

=
Similarly,
Overall heat transfer coefficient,
where,
and
23
Other way we can used,



where,

( ) ( )
4 1 4 1
4 1
T T A U T T A U
R R R R
T T
q
o o i i
o B A i
= =
+ + +

=
( )
L k
r r
R
A
i
A
t 2
ln
1
=
( )
L k
r r
R
B
o
B
t 2
ln
1
=
( )
i i i i
i
A h h Lr
R
1
2
1
= =
t ( )
o o o o
o
A h h Lr
R
1
2
1
= =
t
24
Water flows at 50
o
C inside a 2.5 cm inside
diameter tube such that h
i
= 3500 W/m
2
.
o
C.
The tube has a wall thickness of 0.8 mm with
a thermal conductivity of 16 W/m.
o
C. The
outside of the tube loses heat by free
convection with h
o
= 7.6 W/m
2
.
o
C. Calculate
the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat
loss to surrounding air at 20
o
C. Assume unit
length.

Answer: 7.577 W/m
2
.
o
C; 19 W

25

If outer radius < r
cr
: adding more insulation will
increase heat transfer rate
If outer radius > r
cr
: adding more insulation will
decrease heat transfer rate
h
k
r
cr
= ) (
2
26
Calculate the critical radius of insulation for
asbestos (k = 0.17 W/m.
o
C) surrounding a
pipe and exposed to room air at 20
o
C with h
= 3.0 W/m
2
.
o
C. Calculate the heat loss from a
200
o
C, 5 cm diameter pipe when covered
with the critical radius of insulation and
without insulation.

Answer: 5.67 cm; 105.7 W/m (w insulation);
84.8 W/m (w/o insulation)
27
Conduction with Internal Heat Generation.
Heat generated inside the conducting medium.
Heat conducted only in the x direction. The other walls
are assumed to be insulated.


Plane wall with internal heat generation at steady state.
L L
T
o

T
w

T
w

T


0


x

-x


q(generation rate)


28
The temperature profile is,


The center temperature is,


The total heat generated, q
T
,


where,
A = cross-sectional area.
( ) LA q q
T
k
L q
T
T x
k
q
T
T
w o
o
2
2
2
. .
2
.
2
.
=
+ =

=
29
A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m and thermal
conductivity 25 W/m.K having uniform
volumetric heat generation of 0.3 MW/m
3
is
insulated on one side, while the other side is
exposed to a fluid at 92
o
C. The convection
heat transfer coefficient between the wall and
the fluid is 500 W/m
2
.K. Determine the
temperature of the insulated surface. Assume
unit area.


Answer: 212
o
C
30
Heat generation in cylinder,

The temperature profile is,


The center temperature is,


The total heat generated,

k
L
T
W
T
W

R

R


q

q


T
o

( )
w
T r R
k
q
T + =
2 2
.
4
w o
T
k
R q
T + =
4
2
.
( ) L R q q
T
2
. .
t =
31
A long homogeneous resistance wire of
radius r
o
= 0.5 cm and thermal conductivity k
= 13.5 W/m.
o
C is being used to boil water at
atmospheric pressure by the passage of
electric current. Heat is generated in the wire
uniformly as a result of resistance heating at
a rate of = 4.3 10
7
W/m
3
. If the outer
surface temperature of the wire is measured
to be T
s
= 108
o
C, determine the temperature
at the centerline of the wire when steady
operating conditions are reached.

Answer: 128
o
C
32
-
q
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
This method is used to predict the 2 dimensional heat
flow.
Accuracy depends on the method of sketching
T
1
T
2
33
q
q
Ay
Ax
AT
Curvilinear section
The heat flow across the curvilinear section follows
the Fouriers law:


Heat flow is the same within heat-flow lane.
x y; so that the heat flow is proportional with T
across the element.


N is the no. of T increment between inner and outer
surface.
(1)
T
q k x
y
A
= A
A
overall
T
T
N
A
A =
34
The total heat transfer


M is the heat flow lanes, where M=8.2, and
N=4.
The ratio of M/N is called the conduction
shape factor (S).
2 1
( )
overall
M M
q k T k T T
N N
= A =
35
Determine the total heat transfer through the walls of
the flue in figure of slide 33, if T
1
=600K, T
2
=400 K, k=0.90
W/m.K and L=5 m.


1 2
8.2
4 ( ) 4 0.90 5 (600 400)
4
M
q kL T T x x x
N
( (
= =
( (

7380W =
36
Scan table
3.1 pg 84
(Holman JP)
37
A horizontal pipe 15 cm in diameter and 4 m long is
buried in the earth at a depth of 20 cm. The pipe wall
temperature is 75
o
C, and the earth surface temperature
is 5
o
C. Assuming that the thermal conductivity of the
earth is 0.8W/m.
o
C, calculate the heat lost by the pipe.



The heat flow is


1 1
2 2 (4)
cosh ( / ) cosh (20/ 7.5)
L
S
D r
t t

= =
15.35m =
(0.8)(15.35)(75 5) 859.6 q kS T W = A = =
38
For a 3D wall, separate shape factors are used:





0.54
0.15
wall
edge
corner
A
S
L
S D
S L
=
=
=
A= Area of wall
L= Wall thickness
D= Length of edge
39
A small cubical furnace 50 by 50 by 50 cm on
the inside is constructed of fireclay brick (k =
1.04 W/m.oC) with a wall thickness of 10 cm.
The inside of the furnace is maintained at
500oC, and the outside is maintained at
50oC. Calculate the heat lost through the
walls.


Answer: 8.592 kW
40
41