TWO-PHASE IN

RESERVOIR ROCK
The Boundary Area of
Production Engineering
Fluid Flow through Reservoir Rock
Single Phase (Liquid or Gas)
Two Fasa (Liquid and Gas)
Fluid Flow through Reservoir
Rock Equation
General Equation
Inflow Equation
Assuming Pr known, S=0, and Dq=0,
the outer boundary is closed, and Pr <
Pb, then eq. 2.1 can be expressed as:
Relative Permeability
Corey (1954) proposed that the water-oil relative
permeability can be represented as follows:

Relative Permeability
Crude Oil Viscosity
Crude oil viscosity is an important physical
property that controls and influences the flow
of oil through porous media and pipes. The
viscosity, in general, is defined as the internal
resistance of the fluid to flow. According to the
pressure, the viscosity of crude oils can be
classified into three categories:
Dead-Oil Viscosity
The dead-oil viscosity is defined as the
viscosity of crude oil at atmospheric pressure
(no gas in solution) and system temperature.
Saturated-Oil Viscosity
The saturated (bubble-point)-oil viscosity is
defined as the viscosity of the crude oil at the
bubble-point pressure and reservoir
temperature.
Undersaturated-Oil Viscosity
The undersaturated-oil viscosity is defined as
the viscosity of the crude oil at a pressure
above the bubble-point & T reservoir.
Crude Oil Viscosity
Estimation of the oil viscosity at
pressures equal to or below the bubble-
point pressure is a two-step procedure:
Step 1. Calculate the viscosity of the oil
without dissolved gas (dead oil), ob,
at the reservoir temperature.
Step 2. Adjust the dead-oil viscosity to
account for the effect of the gas
solubility at the pressure of interest.
At pressures greater than the bubble-
point pressure of the crude oil, another
adjustment step, i.e. Step 3, should be
made to the bubble-point oil viscosity,
ob, to account for the compression
and the degree of under-saturation in
the reservoir.
VISCOSITY OF THE
DEAD OIL
Beggs and Robinson (1975) developed
an empirical correlation for determining
the viscosity of the dead oil. The
correlation originated from analyzing
460 dead-oil viscosity measurements.
The proposed relationship is expressed
mathematically as follows:
SATURATED OIL VISCOSITY
From 2,073 saturated oil viscosity
measurements, Beggs and Robinson
(1975) proposed an empirical
correlation for estimating the
saturated-oil viscosity. The proposed
mathematical expression has the
following form:
UNDERSATURATED OIL
VISCOSITY
Oil viscosity at pressures above the
bubble point is estimated by first
calculating the oil viscosity at its
bubble-point pressure and adjusting
the bubble-point viscosity to higher
pressures.
From a total of 3,593 data points,
Vasquez and Beggs (1980) proposed
the following expression for
estimating the viscosity of
undersaturated crude oil:



Where:
Oil Formation Volume Factor
The oil formation volume factor,
Bo, is defined as the ratio of the
volume of oil (plus the gas in
solution) at the prevailing
reservoir temperature and
pressure to the volume of oil at
standard conditions. Bo is always
greater than or equal to unity.
The oil formation volume factor
can be expressed mathematically
as:
Standing (1947) presented a graphical
correlation for estimating the oil
formation volume factor with the gas
solubility, gas gravity, oil gravity, and
reservoir temperature as the correlating
parameters. In 1981, he proposed a
correlation in a mathematical form



Where:
T = temperature, R
o = specific gravity of the stock-tank
oil
g = specific gravity of the solution gas

Persamaan Vogel
Example 1
SOLUTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 1
COMBINATION SINGLE-PHASE
LIQUID AND TWO-PHASE FLOW
Derivation of the Combination
Equation
Derivation of the Combination Equation
Example 2
Pr = 4200 psi
J = 2.0 bpd/psi
Pb = 3000 psi
Calculate:
(1) qb
(2) qmax
(3) q for Pwf = 1500 psi
(4) q for pwf = 4000 psi
Solution
(4) qo = J(Pr-Pwf)
= 2(4200-4000)
= 400 bpd
Determination of Productivity Index
If the test is taken below the bubble-
point pressure (pwf<pb), we must first
solve for J from:


If pwf> Pb, J is calculated using


J may be calculated using Darcy Law
Example 2
Example 3
Solution 3
Example 4
Solution 4
Hasan Equation
Procedure for Determining IPR Curve
Using Hasans Equation
Example 5
Solution 5
Example 6
Solution 6
ASSIGNMENT 2