System Programming

Introduction

What is System?
System is the collection of various
components
Ex:- College is a system

What is Programming?
Art of designing and implementing
the programs
What is Soft!are ?

Soft!are is collection of many programs

"!o types of soft!are

System soft!are
"hese programs assist general use
application programs
Ex:- #peration System $ Assem%ler etc

Application soft!are
"hese are the soft!are developed for the
speci&c goal

System Program:-
'"hese are programs !hich are
re(uired for the e)ective execution
of general user programs on
computer system*

System Programming:-
' It is an art of designing and
implementing system programs*
Components of System
Programming

Interpreter

Assem%ler

Compiler

+acros and +icroprocessors

,ormal systems

-e%ugger

.in/ers

#perating system
Need Of System Software
"he %asic need of system soft!are is to
achieve the follo!ing goals :-

"o achieve e0cient performance of the

system

"o ma/e e)ective execution of general user

program

"o ma/e e)ective utili1ation of human

resources

"o ma/e availa%le ne!$ %etter facilities

#perating System

It is the collection of system

programs !hich acts as an interface
%et!een user and the computer and
computer hard!are

"he purpose of an operating system

is to provide an environment in !hich
A user can execute programs in a
convenient manner
,unctions of #perating System

,ile handling and management

Storage management 2+emory management3

-evice scheduling and management

CP4 scheduling

Information management

Process control 2management3

Error handling

Protecting itself from user 5 protecting user

from other users
"ranslators

"hese are the system programs that

converts the source program into
computer understanda%le fashion

"ypes of translators

Single Pass translator

+ulti Pass translator

"ranslators

Assem%ler:-

"hese are the system programs !hich !ill

automatically translate the assem%ly
language program in to the machine
language program
Assem%ler
-ata%ase
Source
program
Assem%ly
.ang Prog
"arget
program 6
+6C .ang
Prog
"ranslators

Complier:-

"hese are the system programs !hich !ill

automatically translate the 7igh level
language program in to the machine
language program
Compiler
-ata%ase
Source
program
7igh level
.ang Prog
"arget
program 6
+6C .ang
Prog
"ranslators

Cross Assem%ler:-

"hese are the system programs !hich !ill

automatically translate the Assem%ly .anguage
program compati%le !ith +6C A$ in to the
machine language program compati%le !ith +6C
A$ %ut the underlying +6C is +6C 8
Cross Assem%ler
Source
program
Assem%ly
.ang Prog
Compati%le
!ith +6C A
"arget
program 6
+6C .ang
Prog
Compati%le
!ith +6C A
+6C
8
"ranslators

Cross Compiler:-

"hese are the system programs !hich !ill

automatically translate the 7.. program
compati%le !ith +6C A$ in to the machine
language program compati%le !ith +6C A $ %ut
the underlying +6C is +6C 8
Cross Compiler
Source
program
7.. Prog
Compati%le
!ith +6C A
"arget
program 6
+6C .ang
Prog
+6C
8
"ranslators

Interpreter

It is the language translator !hich execute

source program line %y line !ith out
translating them into machine language
"ypes of Interpreter

Pure Interpreter

In this case no preprocessing is re(uired on

source program %efore an interpretation starts

Some preprocessing is re(uired on source

program %efore an interpretation starts
.oader

A .oader is system program that

place the o%9ect program into main
memory and prepares it for
execution

8asic functions of loader

Allocation

.in/ing

:elocation

.oading
"ypes of .oader

Compile-and-go .oader

:elocating .oader

-irect .in/ing .oader

A%solute .oader

;eneral .oader

-ynamic .oader
+acro 5 +acro processor

+acro
+acro is a single line a%%reviation for a group of instruction
+AC:# --------Start of de&nition
I<C: -------- +acro name
A =$-A"A
A >$-A"A Se(uence of instructions to %e
a%%reviated
A ?$-A"A
+E<- -------- End of de&nition
.in/ing and .in/er

.in/ing

"he Process of merging many o%9ect

modules to form a single o%9ect program
is called as lin/ing

.in/er

"he .in/er is the soft!are program

!hich %inds many o%9ect modules to
ma/e a single o%9ect program
,ormal System

A formal system is an un interpreted

calculus It consists of

Alpha%ets

A set of !ords called Axioms

,inite set of relations called rules of

inference or production rules

Ex 8oolean alge%ra
"ypes of Assem%ly .anguage
statements

Imperative statements

An imperative statement in
assem%ly language indicates
the action to %e performed
during execution of assem%ly
statement
Ex:- A =$,#4:

-eclarative Statement:-

"hese statements declares the storage

area or declares the constant in
program

E@ A -S =
#<E -C '=*

Assem%ler -irectives

"hese are the statements used to

indicate certain thing regarding ho!
assem%ly of input program is to %e
performed

Ex S"A:" =AA
4SI<; B$ =C
"ypes of Assem%ler

Single pass Assem%ler

+ulti pass Assem%ler

Pro%lem of ,or!ard
:eference

When the varia%les are used %efore

their de&nition at that time pro%lem
of for!ard reference accurse
Pro%lem of ,or!ard
:eference
JOHN START 0
USING *, 15
L 1, FIVE
A 1,FOUR
ST 1, TEMP
FOUR DC F4
FIVE DC F5
TEMP DS 1F
END
General Design Procedure of
Two Pass Assembler
= Specify the pro%lem
> Specify data structures
? -e&ne format of data structures
D Specify algorithm
C .oo/ for modularity Ecapa%ility of
one program to %e su%divided into
independent programming unitsF
G :epeat = through C on modules
S#4:CE P:#;:A+ ,I:S" PASS SEC#<- PASS
RAM START 0
USING *, 15
L 1, FIVE
A 1,FOUR
ST 1, TEMP
FOUR DC F4
FIVE DC F5
TEMP DS 1F
END

0 L 1,_(0,15)
4 A 1,_(0,15)
8 ST 1,_(0,15)
12 4
16 5
20 --
0 L 1, 16(0,15)
4 A 1, 12(0,15)
8 ST 1, 20(0,15)
12 4
16 5
20 --
Specify the problem
Pass1: -e&ne sym%ols 5 literals
=3 -etermine length of m6c instruction
E+#";E"=F
>3 Heep trac/ of .ocation Counter E.CF
?3 :emem%er values of sym%ols
ES"S"#F
D3 Process some pseudo opsEEI4$-S etcF
EP#";E"=F
C3 :emem%er .iterals E.I"S"#F
Pass: ;enerate o%9ect program
=3 .oo/ up value of sym%ols ES";E"F
>3 ;enerate instruction E+#";E">F
?3 ;enerate data 2for -S$ -C 5 literals3
D3 Process pseudo ops EP#";E">F
Step ! Data structure:"
Pass1: Databases

Input source program

'.C* location counter used to /eep trac/ of each

instructions addr

+6c operation ta%le 2+#"3 ESym%olic mnemonic 5

lengthF

Pseudo operation ta%le EP#"F$ ESym%olic mnemonic 5

actionF

Sym%ol "a%le 2S"3 to store each la%le 5 itJs value

.iteral "a%le 2."3$ to store each literal 2varia%le3 5 itJs

location

Copy of input to used later %y PASS->

Step ! Data structure:"

Pass: Databases

Copy of source program input to Pass=

.ocation Counter 2.C3

+#" E+nemonic$ length$ %inary m6c op code$ etcF

P#" E+nemonic 5 action to %e ta/en in Pass>

S" Eprepared %y Pass=$ la%el 5 valueF

8ase "a%le Eor register ta%leF indicates !hich

registers are currently speci&ed using K4SI<;J
pseudo op 5 !hat are contents

.iteral ta%le prepared %y Pass= E.it name 5 valueF

,ormat of -ata Structures

+achine #peration "a%le

"he op-code is the /ey and itJs value is

the %inary op code e(uivalent$ !hich is
used for use in generating machine
code

"he instruction length is stored for

updating the location counter

Instruction format is use in forming the

m6c language e(uivalent
Pseudo #peration "a%le
Symbol table # $iteral
table:"
%ase table
Pass L I of
ASSE+8.E:
Pass-II
Assem%ler
+achine -ependent and +achine
Independent features of Assem%ler

+6C -ependent ,eatures

A& 'nstruction format # addr!

mode:"

%& Program (elocation

+achine Independent Assem%ler

,eatures

1) $iterals

) Symbol de*ning statements

+) ,-pressions