Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Charusheela Joshi
Physics Department,
Shri RKNEC, Nagpur
Lighting and Civilization
Lighting can be considered as an
index of civilization.
• Earth by night, as viewed from
the satellites, shows illuminated
spots and dark areas.
• Intensely illuminated areas
correspond to developed
countries while dark areas to
underdeveloped.
History of Lighting
Lighting Landmarks
• Fossil fuels
• oil lamps
• oil vapour at pressure
• gas mantle
• Incandescent lamps
• Gas discharge lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
Lighting Landmarks
cont.
• Tri-colour lamps- CFL
• White LED
• LED lamps
• Future- HID lamps?
Incandescent lamp
• Ca4.7Sb0.03Mn0.15(PO4)3(F,Cl)0.95 is used
as the phosphor.
• Sb gives blue emission and Mn
Yellow.
• Blue +Yellow = White
Tri-colour lamp-invention
• Colour rendition of “tubelight “ is
poor. Red colour not properly
seen.
• Adding red phosphor decreases
effective lamp output
• Tri-colour lamp was proposed by
Koedam and Opstelten in 1971-
• and developed by Thornton in
1972.
Tri-colour lamp-principle
• Good colour rendition can be
obtained if three colours blue,
green and red are mixed in proper
ratio.
• Eye sensitivity drops for blue and
red colours.
• Optimization- not too much drop
in sensitivity- and good colour
rendition- if three narrow band
phosphors emitting at 450, 540
and 610 nm are blended.
Compact fluorescent lamp
• New phosphors replacing
halophosphate were developed.
These are
• BAM BaMgAl1o O17 :Eu 2+
(450 nm)
• Ce0.67 Tb0.33 MgAl11 O19 (543 nm)
• Y2O3:Eu3+ (611 nm)
• The phosphors can withstand
high temperature hence handle
high wall load.
• Compact lamps possible.
CFL- Dark side
700
600
500
Alk.AE-X-Eu2+
2500
Eu Co nc.0 .1 mo l %
2000 0 .2 3000
INTENSITY
2000
0.5
PL INTENSITY
1000
1500 1.0 0
0 0.5 1
BAM Eu Conc.
1000
500 BAM
0
220 270 320 370 420 470 520 570
W AV E LE NG TH (nm)
Y2O2S:Eu3+
250
200
150
Intensity
100
50
0
200 400 600
Wavelength
CaS:Sb
R 600
e SSP 153 CaS:Sb(5%)
l Flux 1000 --> 700
a
t
500 x 6.66
I x 6.66
v
e
400
I
n 300
t
e
n
s
200
I
t
y 100
(a.u.)
0
220 320 420 520 620 720
Wavelength (nm)
Wake UP