Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry
The study in chemistry dealing with
calculations based on balanced chemical
equations.
The branch of chemistry dealing with mass
relationships
Interrelationship between
Mole,Molar Mass and
Number of Particles
Molar Mass of Compounds
The molar mass (MM) of a compound is
determined the same way, except now you add
up all the atomic masses for the molecule (or
compound)
Ex. Molar mass of CaCl
2

Avg. Atomic mass of Calcium = 40.08g
Avg. Atomic mass of Chlorine = 35.45g
Molar Mass of calcium chloride =
40.08 g/mol Ca + (2 X 35.45) g/mol Cl
110.98 g/mol CaCl
2

20
Ca
40.08
17
Cl
35.45
Flowchart
Atoms or
Molecules
Moles
Mass
(grams)
Divide by 6.02 X 10
23

Multiply by 6.02 X 10
23

Multiply by
atomic/molar mass
from periodic table
Divide by
atomic/molar mass
from periodic table
Practice
Calculate the Molar Mass of
calcium phosphate
Formula =
Masses elements:

Molar Mass =
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2


molar mass Avogadros number
Grams Moles particles

Everything must go through
Moles!!!
Calculations
Types of Mole Problems
Mole to mole
Mole to mass
Mass to mole
Mass to mass
Mass to volume
Chocolate Chip Cookies!!
1 cup butter
1/2 cup white sugar
1 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 eggs
2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
2 cups semisweet chocolate chips
Makes 3 dozen
How many eggs are needed to make 3 dozen cookies?
How much butter is needed for the amount of chocolate chips used?
How many eggs would we need to make 9 dozen cookies?
How much brown sugar would I need if I had 1 cups white sugar?
Cookies and ChemistryHuh!?!?
Just like chocolate chip
cookies have recipes,
chemists have recipes as well
Instead of calling them
recipes, we call them reaction
equations
Furthermore, instead of using
cups and teaspoons, we use
moles
Lastly, instead of eggs, butter,
sugar, etc. we use chemical
compounds as ingredients
Chemistry Recipes
Looking at a reaction tells us how much of
something you need to react with
something else to get a product (like the
cookie recipe)
Be sure you have a balanced reaction
before you start!
Example: 2 Na + Cl
2
2 NaCl
This reaction tells us that by mixing 2 moles of
sodium with 1 mole of chlorine we will get 2 moles
of sodium chloride
What if we wanted 4 moles of NaCl? 10 moles?
50 moles?
Practice
Write the balanced reaction for hydrogen gas
reacting with oxygen gas.
2 H
2
+ O
2
2 H
2
O
How many moles of reactants are needed?
What if we wanted 4 moles of water?
What if we had 3 moles of oxygen, how much hydrogen
would we need to react and how much water would we
get?
What if we had 50 moles of hydrogen, how much oxygen
would we need and how much water produced?
Mole Mole Calculations
Mole Ratios
These mole ratios can be used to calculate
the moles of one chemical from the given
amount of a different chemical
Example 1
How many moles of chlorine is needed to
react with 5 moles of sodium (without any
sodium left over)?
2 Na + Cl
2
2 NaCl

5 moles Na 1 mol Cl
2

2 mol Na
= 2.5 moles Cl
2

Example 2
20 moles of CO
2
is the average amount exhaled by day. How
many moles of LiOH will there have to be to complete this
reaction?

CO
2
(g) + 2LiOH(s) Li
2
CO
3
(s) + H
2
O(l)

20 moles CO
2
2 mol LiOH
1 mol CO
2
= 40 moles LiOH
Practice Exercise
How many moles of sodium chloride will
be produced if you react 2.6 moles of
chlorine gas with an excess (more than
you need) of sodium metal?


Mole-Mass Calculation
Mole-Mass Conversions
Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts are
given in grams instead of moles
We still go through moles and use the mole ratio,
but now we also use molar mass to get to grams
Mole-Mass Conversions
How many grams of chlorine are required
to react completely with 5.00 moles of
sodium to produce sodium chloride?
2 Na + Cl
2
2 NaCl
5.00 moles Na 1 mol Cl
2
70.90g Cl
2

2 mol Na 1 mol Cl
2

= 177g Cl
2

Practice Exercise
Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine
required to react completely with 0.50
moles of aluminum.

Mass-Mole Calculation
Mass-Mole
We can also start with mass and convert to
moles of product or another reactant
We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get
to moles of the compound of interest
Example 1
Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C
2
H
6
)
needed to produce 10.0 g of water
2 C
2
H
6
+ 7 O
2
4 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
0
10.0 g H
2
O 1 mol H
2
O 2 mol C
2
H
6

18.0 g H
2
O 6 mol H
2
0
= 0.185
mol C
2
H
6

Example 2
If 8.00 g of SO
2
reacts,
a. How many moles of CS
2
are formed?
b. How many moles of CO
2
are formed?
3C (s) + 2SO
2
(g) CS
2
(l) + 2CO
2
(g)
Solution (a)

3C (s) + 2SO
2
(g) CS
2
(l) + 2CO
2
(g)

8.00 g SO
2
1 mol SO
2
2 mol CO
2

64.1 g SO
2
2 mol SO
2

= 0.125
mol CO
2

Solution (b)

3C (s) + 2SO
2
(g) CS
2
(l) + 2CO
2
(g)

8.00 g SO
2
1 mol SO
2
1 mol CS
2

64.1 g SO
2
2 mol SO
2

= 0.06 mol
CO
2

Practice
Calculate how many moles of oxygen are
required to make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide

Mass-Mass Calculation
Mass-Mass Conversions
Most often we are given a starting mass
and want to find out the mass of a product
we will get (called theoretical yield) or how
much of another reactant we need to
completely react with it (no leftover
ingredients!)
Now we must go from grams to moles,
mole ratio, and back to grams of
compound we are interested in
Example 1
Calculate how many grams of ammonia are
produced when you react 2.00g of
nitrogen with excess hydrogen.
N
2
+ 3 H
2
2 NH
3

2.00g N
2
1 mol N
2
2 mol NH
3
17.06g NH
3

28.02g N
2
1 mol N
2
1 mol NH
3
= 2.4 g NH
3

Example 2
How many grams of Tin (II) fluoride are
produced when 30.0 grams of HF react?
Sn (s)

+ 2HF (g)

SnF
2
(s) + H
2
(g)
30.0g HF 1 mol HF 1 mol SnF
2
157g SnF
2

20.10g HF

2mol HF

1 mol SnF
2
= 117.5 g SnF
2

Practice
How many grams of calcium nitride are
produced when 2.00 g of calcium reacts
with an excess of nitrogen?
Mass Volume Calculation
Avogadros Hypothesis
It states that one mole of a gas occupies
22.4 liters volume at standard condition

At Standard Condition:
P = 760 mm Hg
= 1 atm
T = 273.15 K
Example 1
How many grams of zinc must react with
sulfuric acid to produce 1000 ml of
hydrogen at STP?
Zn (s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) ZnSO
4
(s) + H
2
(g)
1.0 L H
2
1 mol H
2
1 mol Zn 65.4 g Zn
22.4 L

H
2
1 mol H
2
1 mol Zn

= 3.0 g Zn
Example 2
How many liters of oxygen is needed to
react with 10.0 g of carbon to form carbon
monoxide at STP?
2C (s) + O
2
(aq) 2CO

(g)
10.0 g C 1 mol C 1 mol O
2
22.4 L O
2

12.0 g

C 2 mol C 1 mol O
2
= 9.33 L O
2
Practice
1. What is the volume of oxygen that will
react with 30.0 grams of magnesium to
form magnesium oxide?
2. How many grams of calcium is needed to
react with hydrochloric acid to form
calcium chloride and 2.6 liters of
hydrogen?
Limiting and Excess
Reactant
Limiting Reactant: The Sandwich Equation
2 pieces of bread + 3 slices meat + 1 slice
cheese sandwich

Now assume you have the following quantities of
ingredients:
a. 20 slices of bread
b. 24 slices of meat
c. 12 slices of cheese
How many sandwiches can you make?
2 pieces of bread + 3 slices meat + 1 slice cheese
sandwich

Number of Sandwich can be made:
a. For 20 slices of bread = can make 10 sandwiches
b. For 24 slices of meat = can make 8 sandwiches
c. For 12 slices of cheese = can make 12 sandwiches

How many sandwiches can you make?
There 8 sandwiches that can be made out of the
available ingredients because the number of meat
limits the number of product or sandwich.


Limiting and Excess Reactant
Most of the time in chemistry we have more of
one reactant than we need to completely use
up other reactant.
That reactant is said to be in excess (there is
too much).
The other reactant limits how much product we
get. Once it runs out, the reaction s.
This is called the limiting reactant.
Limiting Reactant the reactant that
controls the amount of product formed in
chemical reaction
Excess Reactant the substance that is
not used up completely in a reaction
Limiting and Excess Reactant
Limiting Reactant
To find the correct answer, we have to try all of
the reactants. We have to calculate how much
of a product we can get from each of the
reactants to determine which reactant is the
limiting one.
The lower amount of a product is the correct
answer.
The reactant that makes the least amount of
product is the limiting reactant. Once you
determine the limiting reactant, you should
ALWAYS start with it!
Be sure to pick a product! You cant compare to
see which is greater and which is lower unless
the product is the same!
Limiting Reactant: Example
10.0g of aluminum reacts with 35.0 grams of
chlorine gas to produce aluminum chloride. Which
reactant is limiting, which is in excess, and how
much product is produced?
2 Al + 3 Cl
2
2 AlCl
3
Start with Al:


Now Cl
2
:
10.0 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol AlCl
3
133.5 g AlCl
3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol AlCl
3

= 49.4g AlCl
3

35.0g Cl
2
1 mol Cl
2
2 mol AlCl
3
133.5 g AlCl
3

71.0 g Cl
2
3 mol Cl
2
1 mol AlCl
3

= 43.9g AlCl
3

LR Example Continued
We get 49.4g of aluminum chloride from the given
amount of aluminum, but only 43.9g of aluminum
chloride from the given amount of chlorine.
Therefore, chlorine is the limiting reactant. Once
the 35.0g of chlorine is used up, the reaction
comes to a complete .
Limiting Reactant Practice
15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of
iodine. Calculate which reactant is limiting
and how much product is made.
Finding the Amount of Excess
By calculating the amount of the excess
reactant needed to completely react with
the limiting reactant, we can subtract that
amount from the given amount to find the
amount of excess.
Can we find the amount of excess
potassium in the previous problem?
Finding Excess Practice
15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine.
2 K + I
2
2 KI
We found that Iodine is the limiting reactant, and
19.6 g of potassium iodide are produced.

15.0 g I
2
1 mol I
2
2 mol K 39.1 g K
254 g I
2
1 mol I
2
1 mol K
= 4.62 g K
USED!
15.0 g K 4.62 g K = 10.38 g K EXCESS
Given amount
of excess
reactant
Amount of
excess
reactant
actually
used
Note that we started with
the limiting reactant! Once
you determine the LR, you
should only start with it!
Limiting Reactant: Recap
1. You can recognize a limiting reactant problem because
there is MORE THAN ONE GIVEN AMOUNT.
2. Convert ALL of the reactants to the SAME product (pick
any product you choose.)
3. The lowest answer is the correct answer.
4. The reactant that gave you the lowest answer is the
LIMITING REACTANT.
5. The other reactant(s) are in EXCESS.
6. To find the amount of excess, subtract the amount used
from the given amount.
7. If you have to find more than one product, be sure to
start with the limiting reactant. You dont have to
determine which is the LR over and over again!
Theoretical and Percent Yield
Theoretical yield the predicted amount of product

Percentage Yield

=
____Actual Yield___
x100
Theoretical Yield
Sample Problem
Barium sulfide,BaS, which is used as a white
pigment in paints, is prepared through the
following reaction:

BaSO
4
+ 4C BaS + 4CO

Suppose you have 38 grams of BaSO
4
and 5
grams of carbon. What is the theoretical yield? If
the reaction actually produced 15.32 grams of
BaS, what is the percentage yield?
Practice
Aluminum and chlorine react with each other to
form aluminum chloride according to the
following equation:

2Al + 3Cl
2
2AlCl
3

Suppose you had 20.0 grams Al and 30.0 grams
Cl
2
. What would be the theoretical yield? If the
actual yield is 31.8 grams AlCl
3
, what is the
percentage yield?
Thanks for Listening