HYDRAULICS

Muhammad Jahanzeb Zia

2009-ME-162
Muhammad Faisal Rafique
2009-ME-188
Muhammad Umair
2009-ME-177
FIRST PRESENTER
MUHAMMAD JAHANZEB ZIA
2009-ME-162
HYDRAULICS
The study of water or other fluids at rest or in
motion, especially with respect to engineering
applications
OBJECTIVES
Behavior of liquids & theory of operation
Basic hydraulic system components
Advantages & disadvantages of hydraulics
Electrohydraulic systems including speed
gears & steering gears
INTRODUCTION/USES
Hydraulics used in many applications:
Steering/control systems (rudder, planes)
Masts & antennae on submarines
Weapons systems (loading & launching)
Other: elevators, presses
The first hydraulic power lift for a
tractor was introduced in 1935 by
John Deere. This unit only had two
positions, up and down, but the
hydraulic action cushioned the
lowering of the implement.
HYDRAULIC THEORY
Hydraulics
Covers the physical behavior of liquids in
motion
Pressurized oil used to gain mechanical
advantage and perform work
Important Properties
Shapelessness
Incompressibility
Transmission of Force


IMPORTANT PROPERTIES
Shapelessness
Liquids have no neutral form
Conform to shape of container
Easily transferred through piping from one location
to another
Incompressibility
Liquids are essentially incompressible
Once force is removed, liquid returns to original
volume (no permanent distortion)
Transmission of Force
Force is transmitted equally & undiminished
in every direction -> vessel filled with pressure


PASCALS LAW
Pressure exerted at any point on

a confined liquid is transmitted

undiminished in all directions.
HYDRAULIC THEORY
Pascals Law
Magnitude of force transferred is in direct
proportion to the surface area (F = P*A)
Pressure = Force/Area
Liquid properties enable large objects
(rudder, planes, etc) to be moved smoothly
If the surface area of piston B is 10 times
the surface area of piston A, then the force
applied to piston A is multiplied 10 times as
the force exerted on piston B. PSI is equal
throughout the system.
hydraulic
advantage
BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Hydraulic Fluid
Usually oil
Pressure Source
Hydraulic pump (A-end of system)
Pressure user
Hydraulic motor (B-end of system)
Piping system (w/ valves, tanks, etc)
Get fluid from A-end to B-end
HYDRAULIC PUMP
Pumps can be positive displacement or
centrifugal
Waterbury pump
Variable-stroke piston pump
Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft
while pump rotates
Angle of tilting box determines
capacity and direction of oil flow

HYDRAULIC PUMP (A-END)
Variable-stroke piston pump
Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft while pump rotates
Angle of tilting box determines capacity and dir. of flow
CYLINDER/MOTOR
Piston/cylinder used if desired motion is
linear
Hydraulic pressure moves piston & ram
Load is connected to ram (rudder, planes,
masts, periscopes)
Piston
Cylinder
RAM
Hydraulic Fluid Supply/Return Ports
Seal
CYLINDER/MOTOR
Motor used if
desired motion is
rotary
Essentially a
variable-stroke pump
in reverse
Used for capstan,
anchor windlass, etc
SECOND PRESENTER
MUHAMMAD FAISAL RAFIQUE
2009-ME188
PIPING SYSTEM
Has to withstand excessive pressure
Connecting the two hydraulic cylinders
Accumulators
Holds system under pressure
Compensates for leakage
Types: piston, bladder, & direct contact
PIPING SYSTEM
HYDRAULIC PUMPS ARE USUALLY ARE
OF FOUR TYPES:

PISTON
GEAR
VANE
INTERNAL ROTOR
GEAR PUMPS
Work well at 1500 PSI and below
Work with a minimum of moving parts
Less expensive to manufacture than
piston type pumps
Receives power from
moving fluid to transfer
hydraulic power to
mechanical rotating force.
Piece of equipment that
transfers hydraulic power
into mechanical
movement in one or two
directions only.
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
Refers to a hydraulic cylinder
that works in one direction only.
DOUBLE-ACTING
Refers to a hydraulic cylinder
that pushes and pulls.
Single-acting
cylinder
Double-acting
Cylinder
Internal component of a
hydraulic cylinder that is
moved in a linear motion by
the action of fluid introduced
into the cylinder.
Found in hydraulic
components; function is to
keep fluid from leaking
between moving and non-
moving parts
The polished round bar that
is extended from and
retracted into a hydraulic
cylinder.
The length of movement that a
hydraulic cylinder is capable
of producing.
THIRD PRESENTER
MUHAMMAD UMAIR
2009-ME-177

Restricts flow of
fluid to only one
direction; allows
pressure to build
up or be
maintained.
Controls direction of flow of fluid in a
hydraulic system to cause the different
parts of the system to function.

Rotating shaft on a
modern tractor
powered by an
internal hydraulic
cylinder; used to
transfer power to the
implement lift.
RELIEF SHAFT
Used to control or limit
the pressure in a
system build up by a
process upset or
instrument failure
CONTROL VALVE
To control conditions
such as pressure,
tempreture, open or
close the valve as a
response to signal
received from
controllers.
ADVANTAGES
Convenient power transfer
Few moving parts
Low losses over long distances
Flexibility
Distribute force in multiple directions
Safe and reliable for many uses
Can be stored under pressure for long
periods
Variable speed control
Quick response (linear and rotary)
DISADVANTAGES
Fire/explosive hazard if leaks or ruptures
Filtration - must be free of Particle