Group Members

Omkar Mhapsekar
Sagar Newase
Sairaj Teli
A bit of History
William Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 .
Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1901.

X-ray have the following properties :-
1. Travel in straight lines
2. Are exponentially absorbed in matter with the
exponent proportional to the mass of the
absorbing material
3. Darken photographic plates
4. Make shadows of absorbing material on
photosensitive paper


X-rays are electromagnetic
radiation of exactly the same
nature as light but of very much
shorter wavelength.

X-ray are produced when accelerated
electrons collide with the target.
The loss of energy of electrons due to impact
is manifested as x-rays.
X-ray radiation produced in an x-ray tube.
Most of kinetic energy of electrons of the
electrons striking the target is converted into
heat , less than 1% being transformed into x-
rays.

Production of x-ray includes Glass enclosure , Cathode
and Anode
It is necessary to seal the two
electrode of the x-ray tube in
vacuum.

The shape and size of these x-ray
tubes are specifically designed to
prevent electric discharge between
the electrodes.

The connecting wires must be
sealed into the glass wall of the x-
ray tube .

During operation of x-ray tube
both the glass and the connecting
wires are heated to high
temperatures.

GLASS ENCLOSURE :
Because of the difference in their
coefficients of expansion most
metals expand more than glass
when heated.

This difference in expansion would
cause the glass metal seal to break
and would destroy the vacuum in
the tube if special precautions were
not taken.

Because of this problem, special
allows having approximately the
same coefficients of linear
expansion as pyrex lass are
generally used in x-ray tubes.

LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE
NEED:-
I. 99% energy is converted into heat
II. Less than1% is converted into x-ray
III. Large focal spot
IV. Small focal area

LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE(1981):-
I. Size and shape of focal spot
II. Size and shape of electron stream

LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE







Target face is placed at angle about 5-20
degree to cathode.
Actual focal spot size is increased.
LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE
The Effective
Focal Spot is the
beam projected
onto the patient.

As the anode angle
decreases, the
effective focal spot
decreases.

Diagnostic tube
target angles range
from 5 to 15.
ADVANTAGES
The advantage of Line focus is it
provides the sharpness of the small focal
spot with the heat capacity of the large
large focal spot.

Smaller target angles will produce
smaller effective focal spots and sharper
images.



LIMITATIONS

Area covered by the
beam reduces with
target angle

To cover a 17 the
angle must be 12

To cover 36 the angle
must be 14

Anode heel effect .

CATHODE AND ANODE
Cathode
Cathode is a source of
electrons which consist of
filament and focusing cup.

It supply both voltage and
amperage.

It is made up of Tungsten
wire of about 2mm in
diameter.
Definition:-
The negatively charged electrode by which electrons enter
an electrical device.
As current flows through this fine
tungsten wire it becomes heated and
causes thermionic emission.

The electron cloud surrounding the
filament produced by the thermionic
emission is called Edison Effect.

Space charge effect is also observed
which has to limit the emission of more
electrons from the filament.
Cont..
Anode
Definition:-
The positively charged electrode by which the electrons
leave an electrical device.
Anode consist of small plate of tungsten which is 2mm or 3mm
thick.

Tungsten is used because it has high atomic number, melting
point.

If Cu anode is used it acts to increase the total thermal capacity
of the anode and also increases rate of cooling.

The rotating anode principle is used to produce X-ray tubes
Capable of withstanding the heat generated by large exposure.

The anode of rotating anode too consist of large disc of tungsten
which rotates at 3600 rpm.
Cont..