TRAINING AT 220KV

SUBSTATION JAIPUR
SUBSTATION
A station in the power transmission system at which electric
power is transformed to a conveniently used form.
The station may consist of transformers, switches, circuit
breakers and other auxiliary equipment.
Its main function is to receive energy transmitted at high
voltage from the generating station, by either step-up or step-
down the voltage to a value appropriate for local use and
provide facilities for switching.
Some substation, such as power plant switchyard are simply
switching stations where different connections can be made
between various transmission lines.
TYPE OF SUBSTATION
Step Up Substation
Primary Grid Substation
Secondary Grid Substation
Distribution Substation
Bulk Supply Substation
FEEDERS
Incoming Feeders:
Bassi(220 KV)
Heerapura(220 KV)
Outgoing Feeders:
Sitapura(132 KV)
Puranaghat(132 KV)

TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A
POWER PLANT SUBSTATION
(SWITCHYARD)
A - Busbar

B - Disconnector

C - Circuit Breaker

D - Current Transformer

E - Voltage Transformer

F - Earthing Switch

G - Surge Arrestor
CONNECT
CONNECT & DIS-CONNECT
CONNECT, DIS-CONNECT & DETECT
DETECT & TRANSFORM
DETECT & TRANSFORM
PROTECT & SAFETY
PROTECT
BUSBAR
This is a term we use for a main
bar or conductor carrying an electric
current to which many connection
may be made.
Buses are merely convenient
means of connecting switches and
other equipment into various
arrangements.
Aluminum or copper conductors
supported on porcelain insulators,
carry the electric energy from point
to point.
Busbars
(long heavy
tube type)
DISCONNECTS
This is an easily removed piece of
the actual conductor of a circuit.
The purpose of disconnects is to
isolate equipment.
A typical use of disconnects is to
isolate a circuit breaker by installing
one disconnect on either side of the
circuit breaker (in series with the
breaker).
Disconnect Switch
( moving contact rod (A) &
contacts with flexible
fingers (B) )
CIRCUIT BREAKER
This is used to interrupt circuits while
current is flowing through them.
The operation of the breaker is very rapid
when opening.
Circuit breakers of this type are usually
arranged for remote electrical control
from a suitably located switchboard.
Some recently developed circuit breakers
have no oil, but put out the arc by a blast
of compressed air these are called air
circuit breakers.

Circuit Breakers
( Connected in a typical 3-
phase circuit )
Operating
Mechanism
Panel
Position
Indicator
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformer are used with
ammeters, watt meters, power-factor
meters, watt-hour meters, compensators,
protective and regulating relays and the
trip coil of circuit breakers.
One current transformer can be used to
operate several instruments, provided
that the combined burden does not
exceed that for which the transformer is
designed and compensated.
The current transformer is connected
directly in series with the line.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
This is also know as potential transformer used
with volt-meters, wattmeter's, watt-hour meters,
power-factor meters, frequency meters,
protective and regulating relays and the no-
voltage and over-voltage trip coils of automatic
circuit breakers.
One transformer can be used for a number of
instruments at the same time if the total current
taken by the instrument does not exceed that for
which the transformer is designed and
compensated.
The ordinary voltage transformer is connected
across the line, and the magnetic flux in the core
depends upon the primary voltage.

EARTHING SWITCH
This is also known as ground disconnect, which used to
connects the equipment to a grid of electrical conductors
buried in the earth on the station property.
It is intended to protect people working on the grounded
equipment.
It does this by completing a circuit path, thereby reducing
the voltage difference between the equipment and its
surroundings.
SURGE ARRESTOR
These are devices used to provide the
necessary path to ground for such surges, yet
prevent any power current from following the
surge. An ideal arrester must therefore have the
following properties:
1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the line
in a min. time.
2. High resistive to flow of power current.
3. A valve action automatically allowing surge to
pass and then closing up so as not to permit
power current to flow to ground.
4. Always ready to perform.
5. Performance such that no system disturbances
are introduced by its operation.
6. Economically feasible


OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE
This is a wire, generally of steel,
supported from the top of transmission-
line towers and solidly grounded at each
tower.
It is considered a preventive device, but it
does not entirely prevent the formation of
travelling waves on a line.
Furthermore, those lines which are not
equipped with ground wires will be
subjected to disturbances which produce
surges that must be allowed to escaped
to ground
RELAYS
Various types of relays used are
oBuchloz Relay
oOver Current Relay
oEarth Fault Relay
oOver Voltage Relay
oDifferential Relay
oBus Bar Relay
BUCHLOZ RELAY
Used for protection of oil immersed
transformers, reactors, etc.
Phenomenon of liberation of gas in
case of fault generation is used to
provide protection.
Falling level of oil could be detected.
OVER CURRENT RELAY
Protection from overload.
Protection devices like fuse or
circuit breaker fitted with
overload coils or series
connected trip coils are used for
over current protection.
EARTH FAULT RELAY
The earth-fault relay is designed to be
used for selective earth-fault protection,
either primary or back-up protection, in
solidly earthed or low-resistance earthed
power systems.
When an earth-fault occurs, the relay
delivers an alarm signal, trips the circuit
breaker provide alarms, record fault data,
etc., in accordance with the application
and the configured relay functions.

OVER/UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
Relay is used for over voltage
protection and supervision in
distribution systems.
Relay is also used for over / under
voltage protection of generators,
Motors and Transformers.
They are generally used for
incoming line protection.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
Operates when the vector
difference of two or more
quantities exceeds a
predetermined value.
The relay has ratio matching
taps and incorporates a second
harmonic restraint function
where large transformer
magnetizing in rush is present.
BUS BAR RELAY
The scheme of busbar protection, states
that total electric current entering an
electrical node is exactly equal to total
current leaving the node.
But this scheme has also a main
disadvantage. This scheme of protection
can not discriminate the faulty section of the
busbar.
Very short tripping time (<15 ms)
Extreme stability against external fault,
Short saturation-free time (2ms)

OTHER DEPT. OF SUBSTATION
CONTROL ROOM
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION ROOM
BATTERY ROOM
CONTROL ROOM
Contain meters, control switches and
recorders located in the control building
Used to control the substation
equipment to send power from one
circuit to another or to open or to shut
down circuits when needed.
Annunciator is present which consist of
sounding alarm and an indicator which
indicate nature of fault and zone where
fault occurred.
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
ROOM

Used in case of large
interconnected system where
control leads dispatch station
has to co-ordinate the working of
various unit to see that the
system is maintained
most economic and reliable
method of communication in
power network

BATTERY ROOM
Batteries used are lead acid type
having solution of sulfuric and
distilled.
Room is kept maintainable so it is
nota ccumulated with acid vapours
to avoid risk of explosion.
Batteries are kept at healthy state
at 2.1/2.2 V/cell.