Sunteți pe pagina 1din 32

1

Wireless Networks
Lecture 30
QoS in WLAN / Mobile IP
Dr. Ghalib A. Shah

2
Outlines
Last lecture
Limitations of QoS in IEEE 802.11
Overview of 802.11e
Traffic Categories
EDCF
HCF
Mobile IP
Care-of-address,
MIP Protocol (Discovery, Registration, Tunneling)
Routing
Inefficiencies
MIPv6

3
Last Lecture
Types of Attack
Goals of 802.11 Security
Access control, data integrity, confidentality
WEP Protocol
WEP Authentication
Security flaws in original 802.11
Physical threat, impersonation, mutual authentication,
dictionary attacks, DOS
802.1x Security
AKM Operations with AS
AKM operations with PSK
IBSS Security model
4
QoS Limitations of 802.11
DCF (Distributed Coordination Function)
Only support best-effort services
No guarantee in bandwidth, packet delay and jitter
Throughput degradation in the heavy load
PCF (Point Coordination Function)
Inefficient central polling scheme
Unpredictable beacon frame delay due to
incompatible cooperation between CP and CFP
modes
Transmission time of the polled stations is unknown

5

Overview of 802.11e

Formed in Sep. 1999. TheQoSbaseline
document was approved in November 2000.
The first draft was available in late 2001.
Aim to support both IntServ and DiffServ
New QoS mechanisms
EDCF (Enhanced DCF)
HCF (Hybrid Coordination Function)
Backwardly compatible with the DCF and PCF

6
QoS is realized by introducing traffic categories
(TCs)
MSDUs are delivered through multiple backoff
instances running as virtual stations
Each instance is parameterized with TC specific
parameters
AIFS, CWmin, CWmax, Persistance factor (PF)
For legacy DCF, AIFS=DIFS, PF=2, CWmin < 15
CWnew[TC] = (CWold[TC]+1) x PF -1
7
0 <= I <= j <= 3 I, j are AC [0,1,2,3]
CWmin[i] >= CWmin[j], CWmax[i] >= CWmax[j], AFIS[i] >= AFIS[j]
8

9

EDCF (Enhanced DCF)

Enhanced DCF
Also support bursting
Different parameters for different TC/AC
Replace DIFS with AIFS (AIFS>DIFS) which is shorter
for audio and video traffic.
Audio = Video < Data
CWmin and CWmax
Audio < Video < Data
Different Persistence Factor (PF)
For EDCF, AIFS>=DIFS, PF=1-16, CWmin=0-255


10

11

HCF (Hybrid CF)
Provides policing and deterministic channel
access by controlling the channel through the
HC (Hybrid Coordinator)
Operate in CFP and CP

12

Detecting the channel as being idle for PIFS,
shorter than DIFS, gives the HC high priority
over EDCF
HCF model can provide Guaranteed Services
with a much higher probability than pure EDCF
A signaling protocol can be used to facilitate
admission control and specify service rate
requirement

13
Mobile IP: Basics
Proposed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force)
Standards development body for the Internet
Mobile IP allows a mobile host to move about
without changing its permanent IP address
Each mobile host has a home agent on its home
network
Mobile host establishes a care-of address when it's
away from home
slide by Konidala M. Divyan [3]
Example
Internet
Home Agent
Home
network A
Network B
Network C
Corresp.
Node C
Foreign Agent
Mobile Node
15
Mobile IP: Basics, Cont.
Correspondent host is a host that wants to send
packets to the mobile host
Correspondent host sends packets to the mobile
hosts IP permanent address
These packets are routed to the mobile hosts
home network
Home agent forwards IP packets for mobile host to
current care-of address
Mobile host sends packets directly to
correspondent, using permanent home IP as
source IP
16
Mobile IP: Care-of Addresses
Whenever a mobile host connects to a remote
network, two choices:
care-of can be the address of a foreign agent on the
remote network
foreign agent delivers packets forwarded from home
agent to mobile host
care-of can be a temporary, foreign IP address obtained
through, e.g., DHCP
home agent tunnels packets directly to the temporary
IP address
Regardless, care-of address must be registered
with home agent

slide by Konidala M. Divyan [3]
Internet
Mobile Node sends Binding Update
Home Agent replies with Binding Acknowledgement
Home Agent
Mobile Node


Network B
Network C
Network A
Corresp.
Node C
Mobile Node registers at its Home Agent
Foreign Agent
18
Protocol
In order to support mobility, Mobile
IP includes three capabilities:
1. Discovery
2. Registration
3. Tunneling
19
Discovery
Mobile Agents send ICMP router advertisements with
mobility agent advertisement extension periodically
informing mobile nodes of its presence.

Mobile node is responsible for the discovery process.

In order to receive an advertisement, the mobile node
may optionally request one from an agent or simply
wait for the next advertisement.
20
Registration
Mobile node recognizes that it is on a foreign network,
acquires a Care-of-Address and requests its home
agent to forward its data packets to the foreign agent.

The process of registration requires 4 steps:

1. Mobile node request forwarding service by
sending registration request to the foreign
agent.

21
Registration
2. Foreign agent relays this request to the home
agent.

3. Home agent accepts or denies the request and
sends registration reply to the foreign agent.

4. Foreign agent relays this reply to Mobile
node.

22
Tunneling
After registration, an IP tunnel is set up between the
home agent and care-of-address of the mobile node.

Home agent broadcasts gratuitous ARP request which
causes all nodes in the subnet to update their ARP
caches to map the mobile nodes IP address to the
home agents link level address.

Thus home agent receives packets destined to the
mobile node, and forwards the packets to the foreign
agent through the IP tunnel.
23
Tunneling
In the foreign network, decapsulation is done by the
foreign agent or by the mobile node itself.

A correspondent node assumes that the reply from the
mobile node is coming from its home network and
continues to send the packet to the home agent.
24
IP header


IP-in-IP Tunneling
Packet to be forwarded is encapsulated in
a new IP packet
In the new header:
Destination = care-of-address
Source = address of home agent
Protocol number = IP-in-IP
IP header

data
IP header

data
slide by Konidala M. Divyan [3]
Triangle Routing (Mobile IPv4)
Internet
Corresp. Node C initiates communication with Mobile
Node and sends packets to MNs home address
Home Agent intercepts packets and forward them to
the Mobile Node (proxy functionality)
Mobile Node replies directly to Corresp. Node C
Home Agent
Mobile Node



Network B
Network C
Network A
Corresp.
Node C
26
Routing Inefficiency
home agent
correspondent host
Mobile host and correspondent host
might even be on the same
network!!
27
Route Optimizations
Possible Solution:
Home agent sends current care-of address to
correspondent host
Correspondent host caches care-of address
Future packets tunneled directly to care-of address
But!
An instance of the cache consistency problem arises...
Cached care-of address becomes stale when the mobile
host moves
Potential security issues with providing care-of address to
correspondent
28
Issues in Mobile IP
1. Handoff:
When mobile node changes its point of attachment, a
handoff sequence is initiated.
During or immediately after the handoff , packet losses
may occur due to delayed propagation of new location
information which degrades the quality of service.
Solved by introducing access point probing functionality
in the mobile node to identify the current access point it
is attached with.
Mobile IP: Security Issues [4]
Issues in Mobile IP
2. Replay attacks:

A Bad Guy could obtain a copy of a valid Registration
Request, store it, and then replay it at a later time,
thereby registering a bogus care-of address for the
mobile node
To prevent that the Identification field is generated is a
such a way as to allow the home agent to determine
what the next value should be
In this way, the Bad Guy is thwarted because the
Identification field in his stored Registration Request
will be recognized as being out of date by the home
agent (timestamps or nonces are used for Identification
field)

30
Issues in Mobile IP
Redundancy: What if the home agent doesn't
answer a registration request?
Registration request to broadcast address
Rejection carries new home agent ID
"Ingress" filtering
Routers which see packets coming from a direction
from which they would not have routed the source
address are dropped
slide by Konidala M. Divyan [3]
Internet
Mobile Node sends Binding Updates to Home Agent and
all Corresp. Nodes, which already received a previous
Binding Update from this Mobile Node
Home Agent

Network B
Network C
Network A
Network D
Corresp.
Node C
Mobile IPv6 Roaming
32
Summary
Last lecture
Limitations of QoS in IEEE 802.11
Overview of 802.11e
Traffic Categories
EDCF
HCF
Mobile IP
Care-of-address,
MIP Protocol (Discovery, Registration, Tunneling)
Routing
Inefficiencies
MIPv6

S-ar putea să vă placă și