Installation & Commissioning

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Introduction
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Microwaves are electromagnetic radiations
in the frequency range 2GHz to 36 GHz
(generally for Telecom).

Microwaves are widely used for point-to-
point communications

MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS FOR
TELECOM INDUSTRY
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1. BTS connectivity E 1
Eg 1 2G , 3G , wimax

2. STM 1 (63 E1) ring closure

3. Ethernet For Etisalat 3G Bts
Frequency used in MW Links
Microwave links of short distances are
generally allocated with higher
frequencies, because high frequency
means high losses in air and thus it is
good to have short distances in these
cases. While for distances like 20-35
Kms or so we use lower frequencies.
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Microwave Links can be of two
types
1. SDH
2. PDH
Frequency allocated to MW link does not
depend on the type of MW link.


SDH link can carry optical signals
PDH link can carry electrical signals

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POLARIZATION

Type of Polarization
1. Linear - can be sub-divided into
Vertical and Horizontal
2. Circular (We generally do not use this in
MW links.)

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VERTICAL POLARIZATION
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Vertical Polarization if its electrical component is perpendicular to
the horizon of earth
HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION
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Horizontal Polarization if its electrical component is parallel to
the horizon of earth
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FACTORS AFFECTING MW LINK
Following major phenomenon affect MW
Link
1. REFLECTION
2. REFRACTION
3. DIFFRACTION
4. SCATTERING
5. ABSORPTION

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DIVERSITY IN MW LINKS
Diversity in MW Links is a sort of redundancy in
network. They also help overcome various factors
which affect MW links.

Two types of Diversity in MW links
1. Frequency Diversity

2. Space Diversity

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requency Diversity
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Frequency Diversity calls for use of two different frequencies for same
MW link.

This can overcome frequency interferences and various other factors.
Space Diversity
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Space Diversity uses two MW antennas at each side and is best suited to overcome
Reflection of MW waves. Signal is received by both antennas called Main Antenna and
Diversity Antenna and it is IDU to decide which signal to receive. Generally IDU receives
best possible signal. This diversity also helps a lot in areas of high wind because if one
antenna gets misaligned network can function without fail from another.
FRESNEL ZONE
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From the figure above we can see that apart from direct line of sight (LOS) we
need to leave some space above and below it to allow deviation of MW wave
from its original path. This deviation, as already studied, is due to
refraction. Fresnel zone is nothing but distance below and above a point which
should be clear for LOS communication.
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where,

F
n
= The nth Fresnel Zone radius in metres
d
1
= The distance of P from one end in metres
d
2
= The distance of P from the other end in metres
= The wavelength of the transmitted signal in metres

examples of how the Fresnel zone can
be disrupted.
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FREE SPACE LOSS
Free Space Loss is defined as minimum loss an electromagnetic
wave experiences if it travels in atmosphere.
L
fs
= 92.45 + 20 log (dist * freq)
where
dist = MW hop length in Kms.
freq = Frequency of MW link in GHz.
EXAMPLE
For MW link of 15 GHz and hop length 10 Kms free space loss can
roughly be calculated as
= 92.45 + 20 log ( 10 * 15)
= 135.97 dB

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ANTENNA GAIN
Antenna Gain is the gain antenna provides to the signal
before transmitting it into air. For parabolic antennas used
for MW link, this gain is roughly
Antenna Gain = 17.8 + 20 log (f * dia)
where
f = Frequency in GHz
dia = Diameter of MW antenna.
EXAMPLE
For 18 GHz MW link and 0.3 m size MW antenna, Antenna
Gain will be approx
= 17.8 + 20 log (18*0.3)
= 32.44 dBi

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LINK BUDGET
we will analyze gains and losses and calculate received
power at other end.


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R
xA
= T
xA
+ G
A
- L
fs
- A
rain
+ G
B


where
T
xA
= Transmit Power
G
A
= Gain of Antenna A
L
fs
= Free Space Loss
A
rain
= Attenuation due to rain
G
B
= Gain of Antenna B

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EXAMPLE
Suppose we have 6.2 GHz MW link. Diameter of antenna at both sides is 1.8
m. Distance is 20 Kms. Calculate approx received power at point B, if
transmitted power at point A is 25 dBm.

First we will calculate Gain of two antennas. Since diameter is same, both
antennas will roughly have gain of

= 17.8 + 20 log (freq * dia)
= 17.8 + 20 log (6.2 * 1.8)
= 38.753 dBi

Then, we will calculate rough free space loss as
= 98.45 + 20 log (dist * freq)
= 98.45 + 20 log (20 * 6.2)
= 140.318 dBm

Finally we will calculate received power at Point B from above given
formula. We are assuming rain attenuation as zero.

R
xB
= 25 + 38.753 - 140.318 - 0 + 38.753
= - 37.812 dBm Answer