PIC MICROCONTROLLER

Rodolfo Rodriguez
Kevin Zhang
MJ Gellada
1
Overview
Microcontroller and Architecture Basics
Variants among families
ISA
Programming overview
Hardware interface/Developmental boards
2
Description
PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
Made by Microchip Technology
Most popular by industry developers and
hobbyists
Low cost (cents to dollars)
Availability
Extensive application notes
Serial programming
3
v
http://www.microchip.com/stellent/images/mchpsiteimages/en537986.jpg
4
8-bit Core Architecture
Harvard (separate code
and data space)
RISC
One accumulator
W Register
Small addressable data
space (256 bytes)
Banking
RAM
PC, special purpose
registers
http://www.microchip.com/_images/BaselineArch_large.jpg
5
Advantages & Limitations to 8-bit
Architecture
Small ISA to learn
Built in oscillator with selectable speeds
Development made easy
Inexpensive
Device variants
Wide range of interfaces (I2C, SPI, etc.)

One accumulator
Bank switching
Hardware call stack unaddressable (no multi-tasking)
6
16-bit and 32-bit Architecture
More working registers
No bank switching
Assignable interrupt vector table
More flash memory
Cache (32-bit architecture)
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http://www.microchip.com/TechDoc.aspx?type=appnotes
Application Notes
Very extensive
16758 items
Description of
documentation
PDF documenation
Source code
http://www.microchip.com/TechDoc.aspx?type=appnotes
8
8-bit architecture
Baseline
Architecture
Mid-Range
Architecture
Enhanced Mid-Range
Architecture
PIC18 Architecture
Pin Count 6-40 8-64 8-64 18-100
Interrupts No Single interrupt
capability
Single interrupt
capability with
hardware context save
Multiple interrupt capability
with hardware context save
Performance 5 MIPS 5 MIPS 8 MIPS Up to 16 MIPS
Instructions 33, 12-bit 35, 14-bit 49, 14-bit 83, 16-bit
Program
Memory
Up to 3 KB Up to 14 KB Up to 28 KB Up to 128 KB
Data Memory Up to 138 Bytes Up to 368 Bytes Up to 1.5 KB Up to 4 KB
Features Comparator
8-bit ADC
Data Memory
Internal Oscillator
In addition to
Baseline:
SPI/IC
UART
PWMs
LCD
10-bit ADC
Op Amp
In addition to
Mid-Range:
Multiple
Communication
Peripherals
Linear Programming
Space
PWMs with
Independent Time
Base
In addition to
Enhanced Mid-Range:
8x8 Hardware Multiplier
CAN
CTMU
USB
Ethernet
12-bit ADC
Families
PIC10, PIC12, PIC16 PIC12, PIC16 PIC12FXXX, PIC16F1XX PIC18
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented Instructions
BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d
Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d
Increment f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
Data Transfer Instructions
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f
f(7:4),(3:0) ->
f(3:0),(7:4)
PIC16 ISA:
35 Instructions, 14-bit
W: Working register(Accumulator)

Registers: Memory locations
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented Instructions
BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d
Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d
Increment f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
Arithmetic-logic Instructions (partial)
ADDLW k
Add W and
constant
W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d
Rotate left f through
CARRY bit
RRF f,d
Rotate right f
through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
SUBLW, SUBWF
ANDLW, ANDWF
IORLW, IORWF
XORLW, XORWF
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented Instructions
BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d
Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d
Increment f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip
the following
instruction if clear.
Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip
the following
instruction if set.
Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d
Decrement f. Skip
the following
instruction if clear.
f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d
Increment f. Skip
the following
instruction if set.
f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN
Return from
subroutine
TOS -> PC
RETLW k
Return with
constant in W
k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE
Return from
interrupt
TOS -> PC, 1 ->
GIE


INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented Instructions
BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d
Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d
Increment f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
Bit-oriented Instructions
BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Set bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Other instructions
NOP No operation
TOS -> PC, 1 ->
GIE
CLRWDT
Clear watchdog
timer
0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO,
1 -> PD
SLEEP
Go into sleep
mode
0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO,
0 -> PD


PIC 16F887 layout
Analog I/O
UART
I2C
PORTA
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-
world-of-microcontrollers/
14
Programming a PIC
Microchip provides the free MPLAB:
Assembler and linker
Application development
Hardware emulation
Debugging
C or assembly compatible
Compiler
Can be C-based or Basic
A free one is the CCS C Compiler for PIC12/24/26/18
(not compatible with all PICS) or the HI-TECH PICC-Lit


http://www.microchip.com/pagehandler/
en-us/family/mplabx/
15
Programming Tools
Basic based environments
are available, but dont
offer the functionality of
C
Third party IDEs might be
preferred due to an
enhanced software library
or debugging tools
http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1406&dD
ocName=en019469&part=SW007002
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Device Programmer
Need device to store machine code
into PICs memory (EEPROM or Flash)
Can be external device, but ICSP is
easier:
Dont have to remove chip from its
circuit
Provides interface between computer
(USB) and PIC
Specific to circuit (due to interconnect
scheme and surrounding circuit)
Communication protocol requires 5
signals


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
17
Device Programmer


Five Signals:
Vpp (programming voltage)
Vdd (power)
Vss (ground)
IC SPCLK (clock)
IC SPDAT (data)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
18
Necessary Connections (PIC16F877A)
PIC can be bread-boarded, with the following
important connections:
Power
Ground
Reset signal
Crystal (oscillator)


http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-world-of-
microcontrollers/
19
LED example: code
//LED example program written for
//PIC programming tutorial. From
//(http://seniord.ece.iastate.edu/dec0604/index_files/tutorialDec0604.pdf)
//standard include files
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pic.h>
#include delay.h
//main function
void main()
{
PORTA = 0x00; //set RA0-RA5 low
TRISA = 0x00; //set PORTA to output
//superloop
while(1)
{
PORTA = ~PORTA;
DelayMs(250);
}
}
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Development Boards
Prepackaged boards come with a multitude of
peripherals for development and debugging:
Programmer
User I/O: buttons, port pinouts, LEDs
Displays: LCD and seven segment
Power
Serial connection interface
21
Easy PIC v7 from MikroElectronika
PIC
Programmer
Power
Supply
USB Port
Port Pinouts
LEDs and
buttons
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-
world-of-microcontrollers/
22
Additional Peripherals
Touch Screen
ADC converter
23
Questions?
24
References
http://www.microchip.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/10/chapter-9-instruction-set/
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-
world-of-microcontrollers/
http://www.slideshare.net/element14/microchips-16bit-and-32bit-pic-
mcus-7267006
http://www.ladyada.net/library/picvsavr.html
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-
world-of-microcontrollers/
http://www.slideshare.net/element14/microchips-16bit-and-32bit-pic-
mcus-7267006
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
http://www.ladyada.net/library/picvsavr.html


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