LEASE EVALUATION

FROM LESSOR’S ANGLE

 INTRODUCTION
• Computation of break even
– Minimum LR from lessor’s angle which he can accept
– Minimum LR at which NAL from lessor’s point is zero
– Sets the floor price of lease

• Gross yield & pricing of lease

• IRR method of calculating lease

• Lease related risk , assessment of credit risk, product risk &

methods of risk management
 CASH FLOW STREAM
• Constituent lessor lessee
• Initial investment outflow inflow
• Management fees inflow outflow
• Direct cost outflow ------
• LR inflow outflow

• IT liability on LR outflow inflow

( tax shield)

• Tax shield on foregone outflow

depreciationinflow

• Sales tax on LR ----- outflow

• Residual value inflow forgone inflow

 PRACTICAL PROBLEM

• Cost of equipment 33 lacs (inc ST@ 10 %)

• Salvage after 5 yr 10 % of cost
• Initial direct cost 0.3 lac ( front ended)
• Management fees 0.5 lac ( front ended)
• Cost of funds 14%
• Tax rate 46%
• Depreciation 25%
• Five years lease with rental payable annually in arrears
• Calculate Break even rental for 25 % depreciation
 SOLUTION
• Equipment cost 33 lacs
• PV of LR L * PVIFA (14 , 5 ) = 3.433 L
• PV of Tax on LR 3.433 L * 0.46 = 1.579 L
• PV of tax shield on depreciation
[8.25 * PVIF (14,1) + 6.19 *PVIF (14 ,2) + 4.64 PVIF (14,3)
+2.85 (PVIF (14 ,4 ) + 1.71 PVIF (14,5)] * 0.46 = 8.53 lacs
• PV of direct cost 0.30 lacs
• PV of Management Fees 0.50 lacs
• PV of tax shield on D.C 0.30 * PVIF (14,1) * 0.46 = 0.12 lacs
• PV of tax shield on M.F 0.50 * PVIF (14,1) * 0.46 = 0.20 lacs
• PV of salvage value 3.3 * PVIF (14,5) = 1.71 lacs
• -33 + 3.433 L -1.579 L + 8.53- 0.30 + 0.50 + 0.12 -0.2 +1.71 = 0
• L = 12.21 lacs
• If rate of depreciation is more then Break even will come down
 PRACTICAL PROBLEM OF BREAK EVEN

• Cost of equipment 1000

• Salvage after 3 yr 8 % of cost
• Cost of funds 14%
• Tax rate 46%
• Depreciation 40%
• Three years lease with rental payable monthly
in advance
• Calculate Break even rental
 SOLUTION
• Equipment cost 1000
• PV of LR 12 L * PVIF A p (14 , 3 )=
=12 L * 1 / d 12 * PVIFA (14,3)
=12 L * 1.0743 * 2.322
= 29.93 L
• PV of Tax on LR = 12 L * PVIFA (14,3) * 0.46
= 12.82L
• PV of tax shield on [400* PVIF (14,1)+ 240 * PVIF
depreciation (14,2) +144 * PVIF (14,3) ] * 0.46
= 290.98
• PV of salvage value 1000* 0.08 * PVIF (14,3) = 54
• -1000 + 29.93 L -12.82L + 290.98+ 54= 0
• L = 38.28 ptpm
• If rate of depreciation is 100%
• then PV of tax shield of depreciation would be 877 & Break even will
be 4.03 ptpm
 ASSESSMENT OF LEASE RELATED RISKS
1. default / credit risk
• Risk of not receiving rentals on schedule
• Most significant
1. Residual value risk
• Decline in residual value of leased equipment
• Full pay out lease can be done
1. Interest rate risk
• Change on market rate of interest affecting cost of funds
• Revision of LR on happening of event
1. Purchasing power risk
• Reduction in value of LR due to inflation
• Escalation clause can be added in lease agreement
 ASSESSMENT OF LEASE RELATED RISKS

5. Political risk
– Change in government fiscal policy viz depreciation or
Tax rates
– Add clause for revision of LR
5. Currency & cross border risk
– Fluctuation in exchange rate
– Hedging can be done
DEFAULT / CREDIT RISK
 DETERMINANTS OF CREDITWORTHINESS

• Character
– Integrity, honesty commitment
– From informal reports
• Capacity
– DE ratio
– Interest coverage ratio
– Cash flow coverage ratio
– Whether lessee is using creative accounting techniques to manage
depreciation , valuation of inventories , accounting for leases ,
accounting for foreign currency translation ,disclosure of prior
period, contingent liabilities & extraordinary items to dress up
Financial statements
 DETERMINANTS OF CREDITWORTHINESS

• Conditions & competition

– Impact of economic conditions on business of lessee &
the competition he is facing

• Collateral
– Value maintained by the leased equipment
 APPROACHES TO CREDIT RATING
• Explicit judgmental approach
– Define set of factors for credit rating & assign weights
• Net worth 40
• Current ratio 35
• Profitability 25
– Give scores on 0 -1 scale to lessee
• Net worth 0.6
• Current ratio 0.8
• Profitability 0.5
– Obtain overall scores
• Net worth 40 * 0.6 = 24
• Current ratio 35 * 0.8 = 28
• Profitability 25 * 0.5 = 12.5
64.5
 APPROACHES TO CREDIT RATING
• Statistical approach

– Statistical methods in selection of factors like factor

analysis

– Discriminant analysis for distinguishing between

good & bad lessee
 INCORPORATING CREDIT RISK IN LEASE
AGREEMENT
• Increasing LR
• Altering payment schedule
– More front ended pattern of payment
• Reducing duration
– Lease term can be reduced
• Collecting a security deposit
– Forfeit in case of default
• Insisting personal & bank guarantee
• Residual value insurance
 GROSS YIELD

• It is defined as compounded rate of return that equates

sum of PV of LR & PV of residual value with
Investment cost

• PV of LR + PV of residual value + Management fees

= Investment cost + Initial direct cost

• Tax element is not factored

• Hence gross yield (pre tax) is compared with cost of funds (pre
tax)
• In practice, cut off rate is pre tax cost of funds plus a profit margin
 PRACTICAL PROBLEM OF GROSS YIELD
• A company has developed the following table for default risk
classification on basis of gross yield
risk class required yield
A 19 %
B 21%
C 24%
D 25%
Proposal in hand
lease term 5 years
LR 25 ptpm in advance
1) Credit rating reveals that lessee can be placed in ‘B’, can this proposal
be accepted?
2) Assume if 3 months LR is taken in advance & out of which 2 months
would be adjusted against payment due for last two months of lease
term, will the answer be different?
 SOLUTION part 1
• 25 * 12 * PVIFA p (i,5) = 1000
• 300 * i / d 12 * PVIFA (i,5) = 1000
• i / d 12 * PVIFA (i,5) = 3.333
• At i = 0.18, LHS of equation = 1.095 * 3.127 = 3.424
• At i = 0.20, LHS of equation = 1.105 * 2.991 = 3.305
• Interpolating in range (18,20) we get
• i = 0.18 + 0.02 * 3.333 – 3.424
3.305 – 3.424

• = 0.18 + 0.02 * 0.091

0.119

• 0.1953 or 19.53 %
• Manager should not accept proposal as in risk class B required
rate of gross yield is 21 %
 SOLUTION part 2
• (25 * 2) + [25 * 12 * PVIFA p ( i , 4.833) ] = 1000
• 4.833 years = 58 months
• PVIFA p ( i , 4.833) = 950 / 300 = 3.167
• At i= 0.20
1.105 * 2.928 = 3.235
• At i= 0.22
1.115 * 2..807 = 3.130
• Interpolating in range (20,22) we get
• i = 0.20 + 0.02 * 3.167 – 3.235
3.130 – 3.235
• i = 0.20 + 0.02 * 0.068
0.105
• 21.29 % , we can accept as gross yield is higher than required yield for
B class
 ADD ON YEILD
• Calculate add on yield of previous question
• Initial investment = 1000
• Aggregate LR paid
during the period (25 * 60)= 1500
• Aggregate interest charge = 500
over the period
• Average annual interest charge = 100
( 500 / 5 )
• Add on yield = 10 %
( 100 / 1000 * 100)
• This measure of yield provides a distorted picture of true cost of lease to lessee ( 19.53 %
compared to 10 %)
 GROSS YIELD BASED PRICING
• IFSL uses gross yield price approach at pre tax cost of funds plus 1.3
%.Incremental cost of debt & cost of equity is 15 & 21 %.Gearing ratio is
4 : 1Tax rate is 51.75%.For a lease term of 5 years company collects 1 %
management fees upfront & spend 0.5 % of investment as indirect cost
upfront & 5% as residual cost after 5 years
• Calculate marginal cost of capital
• Calculate annual LR collected annually in arrears
• Assuming step up pattern by 10 % P.A calculate LR annually in arrears
• Calculate LR monthly payable in advance
• Deferred payment where no LR for 12 months & then monthly in advance
 SOLUTION part a & b
• a)
• Marginal cost of equity 21 % = 43.5 %
( 1- 0.5175)
• Marginal cost of capital [4/5 *0.15 + 1/5 *0.435]
• Required gross yield 20.70 % + 1.3 % = 22 %

• b)
• 10 + L * PVIFA (22,5) + 50 * PVIF(22,5) = 1000 + 5
• 10 + 2.864 L + (50 * 0.370) = 1005
• 2.864 L = 976.5
• L = 341
 SOLUTION part b& c
• b)
• [ L * PVIF(22,1) + 1.1 L PVIF (22,2) + (1.1)2 L *PVIF(22,3) +
(1.1)3 L *PVIF(22,4) + (1.1)4 L *PVIF(22,5) + 10 + 50 * PVIF (22,5)] =
1000 + 5
• 3.368 L = 976.50
• L = 290 to be charged in first year

• c)
• 12L * PVIFA p ( 22,5) + 10 + 50 * PVIF(22,5) = 1000 + 5
• 38.320L + 10 + 18.5 = 1005
• L = 976.5 / 38.320
• L = 25.48 ptpm
 SOLUTION part d

• d)
• 12L * PVIFA p ( 22,4) * PVIF(22,1) + 10 + 50 *
PVIF(22,5) = 1000 + 5
• 10 + 27.363 L + 18.5 = 1005
• 27.363 L = 976.5
• L = 35.69 ptpm
 IRR OF A LEASE
• Some companies evaluate lease using criterion of IRR

• It is that rate of interest at which the NAL is zero

• Lease accepted only of IRR > marginal cost of capital

 PRACTICAL PROBLEM OF IRR
• Target debt equity ratio 4:1
• Cost of debt 18%
• Cost of equity 24%
• Tax 46%
• Depreciation 40%
• Net salvage value ignore
• Find IRR for lease proposal
• Should it be accepted
 SOLUTION

• 4/5 * 0.18 * 0.54 + 1/5 * 0.24 = 12.58%

• Equipment cost 1000

• PV of LR 25 * 12 * PVIFA p (i , 5 )
300 * i /d 12 * PVIFA (i , 5 )
• PV of Tax on LR 25 * 12 * 0.46 * PVIFA (i , 5 )
138 * PVIFA (i , 5 )
• PV of tax shield on depreciation
[400 * PVIF (i,1) +240 *PVIF (i ,2) + 144 PVIF (i,3) +86.4
PVIF (i ,4 ) + 51.84 PVIF (i,5)] * 0.46
• -A+B–C+d=0
• Lease is to be accepted if IRR > marginal cost of capital
 NEGOTIATING LEASE RENTAL
• LB1 = break even LR of lessor ( lower limit)
• LB = break even of LR of lessee( upper limit)
• As long as rental is between LB1 & LB both lessor & lessee
will enjoy positive NAL
• Cost of equipment 30 lacs
• Rate of depreciation 40%
• Useful life 5 years
• Lessee gets proposal of 25 ptpm advance monthly from lessor
• Marginal cost of debt ,capital & tax rate for lessee is 17 (pre
tax), 14 & 46%
• Lessor requires a post rate return of 13 % on portfolio
• Determine Break even for lessee & lessor
• Comment upon spread between two break even
 SOLUTION
• LESSEE
• Equipment cost 1000
• PV of LR 12 LB * PVIF A p (17 , 5 )=
=12 LB * 1 / d 12 * PVIFA (17,5)
=12 LB * 1.09 * 3.199
= 41.84 LB
• PV of Tax on LR = 12 LB * PVIFA (14,5) * 0.46
= 18.95LB
• PV of tax shield foregone [400* PVIF (14,1)+ 240 * PVIF (14,2) on
depreciation +144 * PVIF (14,3) + 86.4 * PVIF (14,4) + 51.84 *
PVIF( 14,5) ] * 0.46
= 326.88
 SOLUTION contd.
• PV of interest tax =[6.03LB*PVIF (14,1)+5.02LB*PVIF(14,2)
shield ( on + 3.83LB * PVIF (14,3)+ 2.44LB * PVIF
displaced debt ) (14,4) + 0.84 LB * PVIF (14,5)] * 0.46
= 6.26LB
• ( DISPLACED ) DEBT AMORTISATION SCHEDULE
YEAR LOAN O/S INTT PRINCIPAL RENTAL
1 41.84LB 5.97LB 6.03LB 12LB
2 35.87LB 6.98LB 5.02LB 12LB
3 28.89LB 8.17LB 3.83LB 12LB
4 20.72LB 9.56LB 2.44LB 12LB
5 11.16LB 11.16LB 0.84LB 12LB
INTEREST CALCULATION ON DEBT AMORTISATION
SCHEDULE
• 12LB * 1.0899 – 12LB = 1.08LB
• Amount outstanding at beginning * 0.17 – 1.08LB
 SOLUTION contd.
• 1000 – 41.84 LB + 18.95 LB – 326.88 -6.26LB = 0
• LB = 23.11 ptpm
• LESSOR
• Equipment cost 1000
• PV of LR =12 LB1 * PVIF A p (13 , 5 )=
=12 LB1 * 1 / d 12 * PVIFA (13,5)
=12 LB1 * 1.0691 * 3.517
= 45.12 LB1
• PV of Tax on LR 12 LB1 * PVIFA (13,5) * 0.46
= 19.41LB1
• PV of tax shield foregone = [400* PVIF (13,1)+ 240 * PVIF on
depreciation (13,2) +144 * PVIF (13,3) + 86.4 * PVIF (13,4) +
51.84 * PVIF( 13,5) ] * 0.46
= 332.50
 SOLUTION contd.
• - 1000 + 45.12 LB1 – 19.41 LB1 + 332.50 = 0
• LB1 =25.96 ptpm

• INFERENCE

• Maximum LR lessee would pay on 30 lacs would be 0.69

lacs ptpm (23.11 / 1000 * 30) while minimum LR lessor
would accept Rs 0.78 lacs ptpm ( 25.96 / 1000 * 30).

• There is no positive spread & bargaining area doesn’t exist