sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. The process of perception includes receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting, checking & reacting to sensory stimuli or data. PERCEPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVER Needs Experience Values Attitude Personality CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVED (TARGET) Appearance Behaviour Nature Location Intensity Size etc. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITUATION Physical settings Social settings Organizational settings
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
SITUATION RECEIVING SELECTING INTERPRETING ORGANIZING CHECKING REACTING PERCEPTUAL PROCESS RECEIVING THE STIMULUS:
SELECTING (PERCEPTUAL SELECTION) INTERNAL EXTERNAL INTERNAL FACTORS Learning Psychological needs Age difference Interest Ambivalence EXTERNAL FACTORS Size Intensity Location Contrast Movement Repetition Novelty & Familiarity TURN OFF THE THE ENGINE M-A-C-T-A-V-I-S-H
M-A-C-D-O-N-A-L-D
M-A-C-B-E-T-H
M-A-C-H-I-N-E-R-Y THE ORGANIZING PROCESS: The stimuli received must be organized so as to give some meaning to them. This aspect of forming bits of information into meaningful whole is called the perceptual organizing. The three dimension of PO are Figure ground: This principle states that the relationship of a target to its background influences perception Perceptual grouping: Principle of similarity Principle of proximity Principle of closure Perceptual constancy: Our ability to perceive certain characteristics of an object as remaining constant, despite variation in the stimuli that provides us that information. FIGURE-GROUND PRINCIPLE INTERPRETING After the data has been received and organized, the perceiver interprets or assigns meaning to the information. Perception has said to have taken place only after the data have been interpreted.
Factors affecting interpreting Perceptual set Attribution Stereotyping Halo effect Perceptual context Projection CHECKING & REACTING CHECKING: After the data have been interpreted, the perceiver tends to check whether his interpretation is right or wrong. One way of checking is introspection.
REACTING: The last phase in the process is reaction. The perceiver shall indulge in some action in relation to his perception. The action depends on whether the perception is favourable or unfavourable, ROLE OF PERCEPTION IN ORGANIZATION The world that is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important Selection (Interview) Performance appraisal Decision making (Reward or punishment) Interpersonal behaviour Industrial relations (Management & workforce)
ATTRIBUTION The perception of people differ from our perception because we make inferences about the actions of people that we dont generally make about inanimate objects.
The theory has been developed to judge why people behave the way they behave Cont It suggests that we observe an individuals behaviour and then attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. It depends largely on: Distinctiveness: refers to whether an individual displays different behaviour in different situations. Consensus: It everyone who is faced with the similar situation responds in the same way Consistency: The individual responding in the same way even under different conditions Factors influencing attitude (Sources) Direct personal experience: Attitude is learnt through specific experience with the object of the attitude. Association: Attitudes towards one object may develop from associating that object with another object about which attitudes have been formed Social learning: We tend to interpret the behaviour of a person in terms of the attitudes and beliefs his action implies. Institutional factors: Religious institutions, social organizations, educational institutions, etc, also help in shaping the attitudes of people Mass media: Attitudes are generally less stable as compared to values and tend to get easily influenced by the sources of mass media. Economic status and occupation: Our economic and occupational positions also contribute towards attitude formation. Job related attitudes Job satisfaction Job involvement Organizational commitment The word personality comes from the Latin root persona, meaning "mask." According to this root, personality is the impression we make on others; the mask we present to the world.
Personality is defined as "a unique set of traits and characteristics, relatively stable over time." Clearly, personality is unique insofar as each of us has our own personality, different from any other person's.
What is Personality? Personality Determinants HEREDITY: refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical structure, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, energy level etc. ENVIRONMENT: Among the factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends and social groups etc. SITUATION: A third, the situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. An individuals generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. Personality Traits Cattels Sixteen Primary Traits Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious
Id Ego Information which can easily be made conscious Thoughts, feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to conscious awareness Information in your immediate awareness Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious - all things we are aware of at any given moment
Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious
Id Ego Psychoanalytic Approach Preconscious - everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious
Id Ego Psychoanalytic Approach Unconscious - inaccessible warehouse of anxiety- producing thoughts and drives
Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious
Id Ego Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind Id - instinctual drives present at birth does not distinguish between reality and fantasy operates according to the pleasure principle Ego - develops out of the id in infancy understands reality and logic mediator between id and superego Superego internalization of societys moral standards responsible for guilt The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Personality Types Extroverted or Introverted (E or I) Sensing or Intuitive (S or N) Thinking or Feeling (T or F) Perceiving or Judging (P or J) MBTI is one of the most widely used personality frameworks which has no hard evidence as valid measure of personality. The Big Five Model Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB Locus of control Machiavellianism Self-esteem Self-monitoring Propensity for risk taking Type A personality Locus of Control Machiavellianism Conditions Favoring High Machs Direct interaction Minimal rules and regulations Distracting emotions Self-Esteem and Self- Monitoring Risk-Taking High Risk-taking Managers Make quicker decisions. Use less information to make decisions. Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations. Low Risk-taking Managers Are slower to make decisions. Require more information before making decisions. Exist in larger organizations with stable environments. Risk Propensity Aligning managers risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations. Personality Types Personality Types
Emotional Intelligence Mastery: The Habits of Highly Effective People to Achieve Success in Life with Leadership, Authority, Self Discipline, Manipulation, Body Language, Social Skills and Confidence
Eleatic Questions Author(s) : G. E. L. Owen Source: The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 1 (May, 1960), Pp. 84-102 Published By: On Behalf of Stable URL: Accessed: 22/06/2014 05:15