Good

Afternoon!
COURSE DESCRIPTION
ENS 130 is a college level course in general
chemistry designed primarily for students who have had
previous chemistry training in high school. This course is
designed for students to gain a better understanding of
the world of matter and energy. Students will study:
measurement, metrics, reactions, atomic structure, the
periodic table, chemical bonding, states of matter,
solutions, equilibrium, gases, oxidation-reduction, and
acid-base chemistry. Most topics on this course require
calculation; therefore, a solid math background is helpful.
Through extensive lab writing students will examine
laboratory investigations using the scientific method.

REQUIRED MATERIALS

Periodic Table
Scientific calculator with exponents and
logarithms (NOT graphing/programmable)
Lab Gown ( for laboratory experiments)
Notes

Course Outline
Introduction to Chemistry
Everyday Chemistry
Measurements
Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Factor Label Method or Dimensional Analysis
Conversion of units
Matter


Continuation
Structure of Matter
A. Atomic theory and atomic structure
1. Evidence for the atomic theory
2. Atomic masses
3. Atomic number and mass numbers; isotopes
4. Electron energy levels; atomic spectra,
quantum numbers, atomic orbitals
5. Periodic Table
History, Periodic Relationship Among Elements

B. Chemical Bonding
1. Binding forces
a. Types: ionic, covalent and metallic
b. Intermolecular Attractions
Hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London
dispersion forces)
c. Polarity of bonds, electronegativities
2. Molecular models
a. Lewis structures
b. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bonds
c. VSEPR Theory
3. Geometry of molecules and ions; structural isomerism of
simple organic molecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of
molecules; relation of properties to structure
Science
Systematized body of knowledge
From the Latin word scientia meaning
knowledge
Greek word scire meaning to know
Combination of processes and products

Technology
From the Greek word technologia
techno meaning art and skill and
logia meaning study of
Applied science
Chemistry
Branch of science that deals with the
study of matter, its composition,
properties and changes it undergo.
Considered core or central science.
Who am I?
I determine the structure, composition, and
nature of substances by examining and
identifying their various elements or
compounds.
ANALYTICAL
CHEMIST
I study the chemistry of the vast
number of carbon compounds that
make up all living things.
ORGANIC
CHEMIST
I study compounds consisting mainly of
elements other than carbon, such as
those in electronic components
INORGANIC
CHEMIST

I develop a fundamental understanding at
the molecular and atomic level of how
materials behave and how chemical
reactions occur, knowledge that is relevant
in nearly every area of chemistry.
PHYSICAL
CHEMIST
I am identifying substances' chemical
and physical properties in biological
systems that is of great importance

BIOCHEMIST
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS:
BASIC AND INTEGRATED

Observing
Communicating
Classifying
Measuring
Inferring
Predicting

Making a model
Defining operationally
Investigating
*Asking a question
*Collecting data
*Reporting data
*Comparing results
*Making a conclusion


OBSERVING
Using one or more of the
senses
Extending the power of
the senses by using
equipment/gadgets
Gathering information:
objects and/or events
Comparing and
contrasting
Looking for similarities
and differences

COMMUNICATING
Giving or
exchanging
information
Describing:
object, action,
event
* Words: oral or
written
* Graphic symbols
COMMUNICATING:
Graphic Symbols


Drawings
Diagrams
Maps
Tables
Charts
Graphs



COMMUNICATING:
Graphic Symbols


COMMUNICATING:
Graphic Symbols



CLASSIFYING
Observing similarities
and differences
Sorting according to a
predetermined set of
properties or schemes
Labeling the common
characteristics

Classifying Animals:
Dichotomous Key
MEASURING




Comparing objects to
arbitrary units that
are standardized
Comparing objects to
arbitrary units that
are not standardized
*Estimating
Approximately
calculating a
quantity or value
based on judgment
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Length

Mass and weight

Volume


Temperature



Ruler, tape measure,
meter stick
Equal-arm balance,
weighing scale
Measuring cups and
spoons, graduated
cylinder, beaker,
dropper
Thermometer

Using the
Equal-Arm Balance
See if the pointer points
to the zero mark. If not,
adjust it to its initial
zero reading.
Protect the platforms
with paper/plastic
containers.
After using, wipe the
platforms with a clean
tissue paper.
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
Weighing Scales
ESTIMATING
Dali (cm), dangkal (cm), dipa (m)
Estimate: drops in 1 cc or mL
Estimate: heaviness/mass of solids by
*using hands
*improvised balance
*non-standard masses

INFERRING
Developing
ideas based on
observations
PREDICTING
Forming an idea
of an expected
result, based on
inferences

Observing,
Inferring, or Predicting?
The beans seed
coat is broken.
The seed is
sprouting.
If the seed would
have enough
water, air, warmth,
and nutrients, it
would grow into a
healthy bean plant.

Observing, Inferring, or
Predicting?
There is a bee on
a flower.
A bee is
pollinating a
flower.
The flower will
be fertilized.

Observing, Inferring, or
Predicting?
DEFINING
OPERATIONALLY
Stating specific
information about
an object or
phenomena based
on experiences with
it
Telling what you do
and what happens
Describing what will
be observed or
measured

MAKING MODELS
Developing a
physical or
mental
representation to
explain an idea,
object, or event

INVESTIGATING
Asking a question
Hypothesizing
Designing
investigation
Collecting data
Reporting data
Comparing results
Making conclusion

SCIENCE IS INQUIRY
Fair test

Observe

Look for a pattern

Make things

Make models


Control and
experimental
Unfolding of events; do
tests
E.g.: Where are snail
habitats in the school
campus?
Process: e.g., make
soap
Physical, abstract;
working or not

ASKING QUESTIONS
INVESTIGATING: DESIGNING
AN INVESTIGATION
Identifying variables
Controlling variables
*Manipulating one factor that may
affect the outcome of an event
while other factors are held
constant
Setting up an experiment
INVESTIGATING:
COLLECTING DATA
Keeping a record notebook
Making a tabulation

INVESTIGATING:
REPORTING DATA
Making a graph
*Converting numerical quantities
into a diagram that shows the
relationships among the quantities

INVESTIGATING:
COMPARING RESULTS
Reviewing literature
*Books
*Science Magazines
*Internet

INVESTIGATING:
MAKING CONCLUSIONS
Writing the investigation
Answering the question raised
SYSTEMS OF
MEASUREMENT
A system of measurement is a
set of units which can be used to
specify anything which can
be measured and were
historically important, regulated
and defined because
of trade and internal commerce.
ENGLISH SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENT
The English system of measurement grew
out of the creative way that people measured
for themselves. Familiar objects and parts of the
body were used as measuring devices. For
example, people measured shorter distances on
the ground with their feet.

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENT
They measured longer distances by their
paces (a "mile" was a thousand paces). They
measured capacities with common household
items such as cups, pails, and baskets. The word
gallon comes from an old name for a pail.
Unfortunately, these creative measuring
devices allowed for different measurements to be
obtained when different people measured the
same items. Eventually, a standard was set so
that all measurements represented the same
amount for everyone.
ENGLISH SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENT

Length:
12 inches (in) = 1 foot
(ft)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd)
5280 feet = 1 mile
(mi)

Capacity:
3 teaspoons (tsp) = 1
tablespoon (tbsp)
16 tbsp = 1 cup (c)
8 ounces (oz) = 1 c
2 c = 1 pint (pt)
2 pt = 1 quart (qt)
4 qt = 1 gallon (gal)
Weight:
16 ounces (oz) = 1
pound (lb)
2000 lb = 1 ton

METRIC SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENT


The metric system is an
international decimalized system of
measurement that was originally
based on the mtre des
archives and the kilogramme des
archives introduced by France in
1799.
METRIC SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENT
From its beginning, the main feature of the
metric system was the standard set of inter-
related base units and a standard set of prefixes
in powers of ten. These base units are used to
derive larger and smaller units and replaced a
huge number of unstandardized units of measure
that existed previously. While the system was first
developed for commercial use, its coherent set
of units made it particularly suitable for scientific
and engineering purposes.
METRIC SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENT
Length:
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)
1 centimeter (cm) = .01 meter (m)
1 millimeter (mm) = .001 meter (m)

Capacity:
1 milliliter = .001 liter (l)
Weight:
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
1 milligram (mg) = .001 gram (g)

Kilo means thousand (1000)
Hecto means hundred (100)
Deca means ten (10)
Deci means one-tenth (1/10)
Centi means one-hundredth (1/100)
Milli means one-thousandth (1/1000)
SI BASE
UNITS
SI BASE UNITS
The SI unit system consists of seven base
units, with a number of other units derived from
those foundations. Below are the base SI units,
along with their precise definitions, showing why
it took so long to define some of them.
meter (m) - The base unit of length;
determined by the length of the path
traveled by light in a vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.
kilogram (kg) - The base unit of mass; equal
to the mass of the international prototype of
the kilogram (commissioned by the CGPM in
1889).

SI BASE UNITS
second (s) - The base unit of time; duration of
9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the
two hyperfine levels of the ground state in the
cesium 133 atom.

ampere (A) - The base unit of electrical
current; constant current which, if maintained
in two straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circuit cross-section, and
placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would
produce between those conductors a force
equal to 2 x 10
-7
newtons per meter of length.

SI BASE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
LENGTH METER m
MASS KILOGRAM kg
TIME SECONDS s
TEMPERATURE KELVIN K
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE MOLE mol
ELECTRIC CURRENT AMPERE A
LUMINOUS INTENSITY CANDELA cd
SI DERIVED UNITS
From these base units, many other
units are derived. For example, the SI
unit for velocity is m / s (meter per
second), using the base unit of length
and the base unit of time to
determine the length traveled over a
given period of time.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Very large or very small numbers can be written
in scientific notation. This has the format Nx10
n
,
with N as the whole number coefficient with a
value from 1 to 9 and n is the exponent of 10
and is either a positive or a negative integer.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
In a measurement, all digits that we are sure of plus
the one that is uncertain are called significant
figures. In determining the number of significant
figures, the following rules should be followed:

o All nonzero digits are significant.
Examples
1.39 = 3 significant figures
234.98 = 5 significant figures
o Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant.
Examples:
309.2 = 4 significant digits
600.5 = 4 significant digits
430.056 = 6 significant digits
o Zeros before the first nonzero digit are nonsignificant.
These are called leading zeros.
Examples:
0.234 = 3 significant digits
0.0056 = 2 significant digits
0.000405 = 3 significant digits


o Zeros after the nonzero digit may or may not be
significant. These are called trailing zeros.
a. If there is a decimal point in the number, all
trailing zeros are significant.
Examples:
341.20 00 = 7 significant digits
0.30 = 2 significant digits
0.000609 = 3 significant digits
gits

b. If there is no decimal point in the number, the trailing
zeros are NOT significant.
Examples:
400 = 1 significant digit
324000 = 3 significant digits
o Exact numbers are considered to have an infinite
number of significant figures. These are numbers that
we obtain be counting or multipliers in numbers that
are part of a formula.
Examples:
The number 2 in the formula for calculating the
area of a circle, 2(pi)r(squared), is an exact number.

For addition and subtraction, the accuracy with
which you quote an answer does not depend
directly on the number of S.F. in the input numbers
as above. Instead, it is determined by the position
of the least significant digit in any of the input
numbers. Here are some examples.
2.34 + 0.18 = 2.52
2.34 + 2.8 = 5.1
2.341234 - 2.0 = 0.3

In multiplication and division, the number of S.F. in the
answer is the same as the number of S.F. in the input
number that has the fewest. For example, consider Person
3's measurement of the wood. If you wanted to know the
area of the wood you would use the formula
Area = Length x Width
= (11.63 cm) x (5.74 cm)
The input number with the smallest number of S.F. is the
width measurement, which has 3. So, the answer must also
have 3 S.F.:

Area = 66.8 cm2
Unit Conversion is very important since not all
measurements are expressed in the same units.
Conversion of units is the conversion between
different units of measurement for the same
quantity, typically through multiplicative
conversion factors.