Chapter One:

Basic Concepts
Classification of Matter
Matter is defined as anything that has
mass and occupies space.

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Law of Conservation of Energy



Matter has three states
Solid definite shape with it particles
close together & firmly attached to
each other
Liquid its particles move more freely
while still retaining a definite volume
Gas no fixed shape with its particles
moving independent of each other
Matter is made up of substances
Elements cannot be broken down
into simpler substances
Compounds are substances made
from two or more elements that have
combined in a unique proportion
Mixtures consist of two or more
substances that are present in varying
proportions
Properties
Chemical characteristic way
substances react to produce other
substances
Physical ways a substance can be
identified without changing its
composition
Extensive vs. Intensive quantity vs.
intrinsic properties
Compounds are made by chemical
reactions
Reactants products
O
2
+ 2H
2
2 H
2
O
Physical properties are quite different
O
2
& H
2
H
2
O
Gasses liquid
Compounds obey the law of definite proportions
32 g oxygen combine with 4 g H to give 36 g water
32g/4g = 8/1 (ratio by mass)
Compounds obey the law of conservation of mass
32 g O + 4 g H 36 g water
In any chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the
reactant always equals the sum of the masses of the
products

Daltons theory of atoms can be
summed up as follows
Elements are composed of minute indivisible
particles called atoms
Atoms fo the same element are alike in mass and
size
Atoms of different elements have different masses
and sizes
Chemical compounds are formed by the union of
two or more atoms of different elements
When atoms combine to form compounds, they do
so in simple numerical rations, such as 1:1, 2:1,
2:3, etc
Atoms of two elements may combine in different
ratios to form more than one compound law of
multiple proportions
Law of multiple proportions
Whenever two elements form more
than one compound, the different
masses of one that combine with
some mass of the other are in the ratio
of small whole numbers
H
2
O
2 g H to 16 g O 16/2 or 8/1
H
2
O
2
2 g H to 32 g O 32/2 or 16/1
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Symbol- unique to each chemical
element

Period- horizontal row on table

Family- (group) vertical column
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Chemical Symbols and Periodic
Table
Family Names

Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Coinage metals
Halogens
Noble gases

Chemical Symbols and Periodic
Table
Chemical Symbols and Periodic
Table
Main Group Elements

Transition Elements

Inner Transition Elements
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table
Metals

Non-metals
Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table