Foundations in Building Constuction

Prepared by :
Othman Hassan
Senior Lecturer / Registered Interior Designer with Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (Reg. No: ID/O 6)
Department of Interior Architecture
UiTM Perak
c
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Building Construction & Materials 1
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The construction of foundation starts after all the tasks below completed.

1. Site Investigation
2. Clearing the site
3. Establishing level
4. Setting out the building line

1. FOUNDATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS

1. As the base on which a building rests and its purpose is to safely transfer
the load of a building to a suitable subsoil.
2. Prevent possible movement of structure due to settlement (ground movement)
3 Allow building over water or water-logged ground
4. Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to wind
5. Resist lateral forces due to soil movement
6. Underpin (support) existing or unstable structures

2. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION TYPE

The choice and design of foundations for many types of building depend mainly on
factors below:

1. The total loads of the building
2. The nature and bearing capacity of the soil.
3. Materials used for the foundation
4. Economical consideration of using a right kinds of foundation
5. Layout of the structures (building/floor plan, positioning loads)
6. Conditional of the site (location and sufficient work space)

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3. SUBSOIL AND BEARING CAPACITY

Subsoils are soils below the topsoil ; the topsoil being about 300mm deep from the
ground level surface. Bearing capacity is safe load per unit area which the ground can
carry.

Typical bearing capacities of subsoils are as follows:

Rock, granite 600 -10,000 kN/m
2
(60,000-1,000,000kg)
Non-cohesive soils, compact sand 600 kN/m
2
Cohesive soils, hard clay <600 kN/m
2

Having ascertained the nature and bearing capacity of the subsoil the foundation can
be determined by calculating the total (dead + imposed) load per meter run of
foundation and relating this to the analyzed safe bearing capacity of the subsoil

Total load of building per meter = min. foundation width
Safe bearing capacity of subsoil

The average total loading for a two-storey house is 30-50 kN/m
2

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Example: If the total load of a house is 40 kN/m
2
and the subsoil safe bearing capacity
is 80 kN/m
2
, then the foundation width is:

40 = 0.5 m or 500mm (strip foundation)
80

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SUBSOIL TYPE kN/m2

Hardpan overlaying rock 1290

Very compact sandy gravel 1075

Loose gravel and sandy gravel, compact sand and 645
gravelly sand, very compact sand-inorganic silt soils

Hard, dry, consolidated clay 537

Loose coarse to medium sand, medium compact fine sand 430

Compact sand clay 322

Loose, fine sand, medium compact sand-inorganic silt soils 215

Firm or stiff clay 161

Loose, saturated sand-clay soils, medium soft clay 107
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High
Bearing Capacity
Medium
Bearing Capacity
Low
Bearing Capacity
Under pure vertical
downward loads
Wind
4. FORCES ACTING ONTO BUILDING
Under lateral
wind loads
Combined effect
Downward load
Uplifting
action
Tendency to
turn under
wind
Building Building Building
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5. TYPES OF BUILDING FOUNDATION:

1. Shallow Foundation
a. Pad Foundation or Isolated Foundation
b. Raft Foundations - Solid Slab Raft Foundation
- Beam and Slab Raft Foundation
- Cellular Raft Foundation
c. Strip Foundation
d. Trench-Fill Foundation
2. Deep Foundation
a. Pile Foundation
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1. Shallow Foundation

Shallow foundation or sometimes called spread footing usually refers to those being
rested on stratum with adequate bearing capacity and laid less than 3 meters below
ground level. Examples included pad or isolated, raft, strip and trench-fill foundations.

The selection of the right type of shallow foundation normally depend on the the
magnitude and disposition of the structural loads and the bearing capacity of subsoil.
A combination of two or three type of shallow foundation in one single structure is not
uncommon

a. Pad Foundation or Isolated Foundation

Pad foundations or isolated foundations are used to support an individual point load such
as that due to a structural column. They may be circular,square or rectangular. They
usually consists of a block or slab of uniform thickness to spread the load from a column.
Pad foundations or isolated foundations are usually shallow. This type of foundation is
suitable on high bearing capacity subsoils.

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Stages of work in preparing Pad Foundation

Stage 1: Excavation works
Stage 2: Formwork preparation
Stage 3: Reinforcement bar preparation
Stage 4: Installation of reinforcement and starter bars
Stage 5: Concreting works
Stage 6: Installation of stumps

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The first stage of works in preparing
Pad Foundation is excavation works.
Ground will be dug between 1m to 3m
deep to make a trench.
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Stage 2: Formwork preparation

The second stage of works in
preparing Pad Foundation is
formworks preparation.

Formwork
Reinforcement bar
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Stage 3: Reinforcement bar preparation

The third stage of works in preparing
Pad Foundation is reinforcement bar
preparation.


Stage 4: Installation of reinforcement and starter bars

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The fourth stage of works in preparing
Pad Foundation is installing
reinforcement and starter bars in
formworks.

Starter bar
Reinforcement bar


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The fifth stage of works in preparing
Pad Foundation is concreting works.
Concrete Grade M30 is used for this
foundation.

Concrete Grade

Concrete mixes (cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate) can be expressed as volume grade and
ratios:

Grade M5 (5N/mm) - 1:5:10 = 1 part of cement, 5 parts of fine aggregate, 10 parts of coarse
aggregate.(ordinary concrete)
aggregate.(ordinary concrete)
Grade M15 (15N/mm) - 1:2:4 = 1 part of cement, 2 part of fine aggregate, 4 parts of coarse
aggregate. (ordinary concrete) - for solid ground floor
Grade M20 (20N/mm) - 1:1.5:2 = 1 part of cement, 1.5 parts of fine aggregate, 2 parts of coarse
aggregate. (standard concrete)
aggregate. (standard concrete)
Grade M30 (30N/mm) - 1:1.5:3 = 1 part of cement, 1.5 parts of fine aggregate, 3 parts of coarse
aggregate. (standard concrete) - for structures and upper floor
Grade M35 (35N/mm) - 1:1.6:2.9 = 1 part of cement, 1.9 parts of fine aggregate, 2.9 parts of
coarse aggregate. (standard concrete) - for structures

- Cement (Portland cement) - made from limestone and clay and is generally produced by wet process.
- Fine Aggregate - those which will pass a standard 5mm sieve . (Sand)
- Coarse Aggregate - those are retained on a standard 5mm sieve. (Gravel, crushed stone)

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Coarse
Aggregate
(gravel)
Fine
Aggregate
(sand)
Portland cement



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The final stage of works in preparing
Pad Foundation is installing stumps.

Stump
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Pad Foundation Is Completed

Pad Foundation

Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to architectural standard symbols. Students
are advised to refer to the building construction books for proper symbols available at
the library.
Column starter bars
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Pad Foundation
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Pad Foundation
(Shallow Foundation)
Pad Foundation
Stump
Pad Foundation
reinforcement bar
Column starter bars
High bearing
capacity subsoil
the library.
Soil
Starter bars
Reinforced concrete stump
Cross Sectional View
(Not to scale)
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Pad Foundation (Shallow Foundation)
Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to architectural standard
symbols. Students are advised to refer to the building construction
books for proper symbols available at the library.
Reinforced concrete (Grade M30)
Reinforcement bars 12mm diameter
High bearing
capacity subsoil
1m to 3m
deep
Ground Level
Sand screed 25mm thk.
Floor finishes (tiles)
Interior skirting
Soil
Interior part of building
Exterior part of building
Column reinforcement bars
Column
Drain
Plaster
Reinforcement bars 12mm
diameter
Skirting
Hardcore
Concrete
Concrete (Grade M25)
Floor 150mm thk.
Concrete ground
Beam (Grade M30)
Cement render
Hardcore 150mm thk.
Pad Foundation & Solid Ground Floor
(Not to scale)
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Starter bars
Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to architectural standard symbols. Students are advised
to refer to the building construction books for proper symbols available at the library.
Apron
High bearing
capacity subsoil
Brick wall
Sand blinding 25mm thk.
Damp-proof Membrane
Ground Level
b. Raft Foundations

The principle of any raft foundation is to spread the load over large area, normally the
entire area of the structure. It usually consists of a concrete slab which extends over the
entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams and floor incorporated into the
foundation .This method often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity
as they can spread the loads over larger area.

Raft foundation has the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete
slab resists differential movements between loading positions.

Three types of raft foundation:

1. Solid Slab Raft Foundation

Solid slabs are constructed of uniform thickness over the whole raft area. This
foundation suitable on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as it can spread the
loads over larger area.

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2. Beam and Slab Raft Foundation

Beam and slab rafts are an alternative to solid slab raft and are used where poor soils
encountered. The beams are used to distribute the column loads over the area of the
raft , which usually results in a reduction of the slab thickness. The beams can be
upstand or downstand depending upon the bearing capacity of the soil near the
surface.

3. Cellular Raft Foundation

This foundation can be used where a reasonable bearing capacity subsoil can only be
found at depths where beam and slab techniques become uneconomic. The
construction is similar to reinforced concrete basements except that internal walls are
used to spread the load over raft and divide the void into cells.
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1. Solid Slab Raft Foundation

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2. Beam and Slab Raft Foundation

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3. Cellular Raft Foundation

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Beam & Slab Raft Foundation & Ground Floor (Shallow Foundation)
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Stages of work in preparing Beam & Slab Raft Foundation

Stage 2: Installation of Formworks
Stage 3: Installation of Reinforcement Bars For Beams
Stage 4: Installation of Damp Proof Membrane (DPM)
Stage 5: Installation of Reinforcement Bars For Slab



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The first stage of works in
preparing Beam & Slab Raft
Foundation is excavation works.
Installing pipes for sewage and
plumbing are done at this stage.
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Stage 2: Formworks preparation

The second stage of works in
Foundation is formworks installation.
At this stage valley are formed for
beams and compacting works are
done.

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Stage 3: Installation of Reinforcement Bars For Beams

The third stage of works in
Foundation is reinforcement
bar installation.

Reinforcement bars
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Stage 4: Installation of Damp Proof Membrane (DPM)

The fourth stage of works in
Foundation is installation of Damp
Proof Membrane(DPM)

DPM sheet

Stage 5: Installation of Reinforcement Bar For Slab and Starter Bar

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The fifth stage of works in
Foundation is installation of
reinforcement bars for slab and
starter bar after installation of
DPM

Slab reinforcement bar
Starter bar
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5. Concreting


The sixth stage of works in preparing
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation is concreting
works. The suitable concrete is Grade M25.

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The Raft Foundation

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Beam & Slab Raft Foundation
Compacted
Hardcore
Beam & Slab Raft
Foundation (Grade
M25 concrete)
Column starter bars
Low Bearing
Capacity Subsoil
DPM
Slab Reinforcement bar
Beam Reinforcement bar
the library.
A
Hardcore 150mm thk.
Column starter bars
Reinforced concrete
(Grade M25) foundation
forming ground floor slab
150mm thk.
Sand Blinding 25mm thk.
Damp-Proof Membrane
(DPM)
Slab Reinforcement bars
Beam Reinforcement bars
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation (Shallow Foundation)
Cross Sectional View (Detail A)
(Not to scale)
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Formwork
symbols. Students are advised to refer to the building construction
books for proper symbols available at the library.
Low bearing capacity subsoil
Downstand beam
Sand screed 25 mm thk
Floor Finishes
Skirting
Cement render
Drain
Low bearing capacity subsoil
Exterior part of building Column reinforcing bars
Column
Concrete slab
Hardcore
Hardcore 150mm thk
Plaster Reinforced concrete
(Grade M25) forming
ground floor slab
150mm thk.
Sand Blinding 25mm thk
Damp-proof Membrane
(DPM)
Slab Reinforcement bars
Beam Reinforcement bars
Beam & Slab Raft Foundation & Solid Ground Floor
Skirting
(Not to scale)
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symbols. Students are advised to refer to the building construction books
for proper symbols available at the library.
Apron
Downstand beam
Damp-proof Course(DPC)
Column starter bars
Brick wall
c. Strip Foundation

Strip foundation is used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if
a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual
pad foundations would be inappropriate. This type of foundation is suitable on high
bearing capacity subsoil.
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Stages of work in preparing Strip Foundation

1. Excavation works
2. Reinforcement bar preparation
3. Concreting

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Strip Foundation
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the library.
Strip Foundation
(Grade M30 concrete)
To support a line of
loads, either due to a
load-bearing wall

Soil
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Strip Foundation (Shallow Foundation) with cavity wall
(Not to scale)
Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to architectural standard symbols.
Students are advised to refer to the building construction books for proper
symbols available at the library.
High bearing
capacity subsoil
Longitudinal reinforcement bars
12mm diameter
Weak concrete
filling to base cavity
Damp-proof course (DPC)
Brick Cavity wall
Insulation
Ground Level
1m
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Strip Foundation with
Cavity Wall
the library.
Weak
Concrete
filling
Strip Foundation
Insulation
DPC
Cavity Wall
High bearing
capacity subsoil
Drain
Interior skirting
Floor finishes
Interior part of building Exterior part of building
Plaster
Concrete floor slab 150mmthk
Cement/sand screed 25mm thk
Damp-proof membrane
(DPM)
Concrete slab
Hardcore
Strip Foundation with cavity wall and Solid Ground Floor
Skirting
Hardcore 150mm thk
Sand blinding 25mm thk
(Not to scale)
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Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to architectural
standard symbols. Students are advised to refer to the building
construction books for proper symbols available at the library.
Apron
High bearing
Capacity subsoil
Weak
concrete
filling
Damp-poof course (DPC)
Cement render
Ground Level
Insulation
Brick cavity wall

d. Trench-Fill Foundation

Trench -fill foundation is almost similar to strip foundation. Trench-fill foundations can be
dug deeper and bigger than strip, which means they are particularly practical where
the water table is high, where soil is loose and unstable, and in areas with heavy clay
soils. The thickness of any trench -fill foundation should be not less than 500mm and the
foundation concrete should finish about 150mm to 100mm below ground level. The
trench sides may need to be lined with a slip membrane unless the soil is firm. This type
of foundation is suitable on high bearing capacity subsoils.

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Stages of work in preparing Trench-Fill Foundation

1. Excavation works
2. Reinforcement bar preparation
3. Concreting

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Trench-Foundation
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Trench-Foundation
(Grade M25 concrete)
To support a line of
loads, either due to a
load-bearing wall

Soil
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Trench-Fill Foundation (Shallow Foundation)
(Not to scale)
the library.
High bearing
Capacity subsoil
Reinforced concrete Grade M30
12mm diameter
Weak concrete filling
to base cavity
Brick Cavity wall
Insulation
Ground Level
1-2m
deep
Damp proof course (DPC)
Cavity Wall
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Trench-Fill Foundation with
Cavity Wall
the library.
DPC
Weak
Concrete
filling
Insulation
Trench-Fill Foundation
High bearing
capacity subsoil
2. Deep Foundation

1. Pile Foundation

Pile foundation is a form of foundation using piles to transfer the loads of a structure
down to a firm soil stratum with sufficient load-taking capacity. Suitable for multi storey
building and on low bearing capacity subsoil.

Materials for piles can be of:

1. Precast concrete
2. H section steel piles
3. Metal sheets piles
4. Timber or bakau (mangroves) piles
5. CISS or Cast-In-Steel-Shell/pipes piles
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Precast concrete piles

MATERIALS FOR PILING
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Precast cylindrical concrete piles
1. Pre-Cast Concrete Pile

Pre-cast or pre-stressed concrete piles are one of the most commonly used concrete piles. Pre-cast concrete piles are typically
made with steel reinforcing and pre-stressing tendons to obtain the tensile strength required, to survive handling and driving, and to
provide sufficient bending resistance. Long piles can be difficult to handle and transport. Pile joints can be used to join two or more
short piles to form one long pile. Pile joints can be used with both precast and pre-stressed concrete piles. Pre-cast concrete piles
are driven into the ground and used for deep foundations to support structures in residential houses, commercial construction, such
as buildings and bridges. They are also used for: heavy highway, public works, marine, and industrial applications.
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Pre-Cast Concrete Pile
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Pre-Cast Concrete Pile
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Steel H section piles
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H-Piles are often driven into the ground and used for deep
foundations to support structures in commercial construction,
such as buildings and bridges. They are also used for: heavy
highway, public works, marine, and industrial applications. Due
to their strength, they can be utilized for driving in soil conditions
that other piling would have difficulty penetrating. The durability
of these steel columns work well for applications in areas that
are that are prone to earthquakes or other natural disasters.
2. H-Pile

H- piles are the ideal solution when foundations are required for complex
structures or where the ground conditions are difficult. The properties of steel
mean that they can be used to resist tensile as well as compressive loads and
they can be designed for bending. They are ideally suited to hard driving
through difficult ground conditions eg. silty, fine, water bearing sand containing
cobles and boulders/ dense sands and gravels/ glacial till and are particularly
effective when founded on rock or a similar hard stratum
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Steel Sheet piles
3. Metal Sheet Pile

A sheet pile wall is a row of interlocking, vertical pile segments installed to form an essentially straight wall with a
plan dimension sufficiently large enough for its behavior to allow for the analysis of a .3048-meter (1 foot) wide
vertical segment of the wall cross-section. Sheet pile walls are typically used as earth retaining structures along
shorelines to allow for higher exposed grades to occur adjacent to lower river bottoms, dredge or mud lines. Sheet
piling can also be used to retain fill around open landside excavations via rectangular trenches or circular
cofferdams.
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3. Metal Sheet piles
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Metal Sheet Pile
Steel Sheet piles
Bakau piles (mangrove)
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4. Timber Pile

The mangrove piles are widely used in peninsular
Malaysia for most building and homes. The use of
mangrove piles is also recognized in other countries,
Malaysia contractors and developers are so confident that
the mangrove piles can actually be used for piling in all
buildings and homes due to the mangrove wood nature
superb density and its woods strength.

The mangrove piles are not only cheap, but it is also easy
to handle in most pilling during construction work. The
buildings which are using mangrove piles as foundation
can at least stand for a decades or more than 10 years.

The use of mangrove wood in piling brings so much of
benefits and advantages. Cheap, Strong Strength, High
Density, Long Lasting
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CISS or Cast-in-Steel-Shell piles Steel pipes piles
Source: http://www.foundationpiledriving.com/ciss.htm 200px-Metal_tubes_stored_in_a_yard[1]
5. CISS or Cast-in-Steel-Shell piles
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
There are two common types of pile construction:

1. Displacement piles

Displacement piles cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically
as the pile shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.

2. Non-displacement or replacement piles

Non-displacement, soil is removed and the resulting hole filled with concrete
or a precast pile is dropped into the hole and grouted in.

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Pile is driven
into the soil
1. Displacement pile 2. Non-displacement or
Replacement pile
Soil is removed
by using boring
rig and drill
to form a hole
Soil
Ground level
or
Precast pile is
dropped into the
hole
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Bed rock or stratum
soil on firm base
Concrete is
pored into the
steel pipes in the
hole to form pile
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION

LOADING SUPPORT TO PILE

Load from a superstructure is transmitted to the subsoil either by:

1. Skin friction - load is supported by the frictional resistance so created between
the contact surface of the pile and the embracing soil.

2. End-bearing - load is support by resting onto a firm stratum such as bed-rock or
stratum of subsoil with the required bearing capacity.

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1. Skin friction
support
Piles
Loading Support
to Pile
Bed rock or
stratum soil
on firm
base
2. End-bearing
support
Pile caps
Friction
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Ground level
Soil
Friction
Building

METHODS OF PILING

Piling methods can be done in several way depending on factors mentioned earlier,
they are:

1. Driven piling (Displacement)

Piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver. Driven piles are either wood,
reinforced concrete, or steel.

a. Gravity hammer
b. Diesel hammer
c. Hydraulic hammer
d. Vibratory pile driver
e. Silent pile hammer
f. Air hammer

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2. Drilled piling (Non-displacement)

Piling in which boring is done until the hard rock or soft rock layer is
reached in the case of end bearing piles.

a. Caissons
b. Boring rig and auger drill
c. Bucket barrel

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METHODS OF PILING

1. Driven piling (Gravity (Drop) hammer)
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Gravity pile for bakau
The drop hammer consists of
a heavy ram in between the
leads. The ram is lifted up to a
certain height and released to
drop on the pile. This type is
slow and therefore not in
common use. It is used in the
cases where only a small
number of piles are driven.
METHODS OF PILING
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1. Driven piling (Diesel Hammer)
Diesel hammer piling in action
A modern diesel pile hammer is a
very large two-stroke diesel
engine. The weight is the piston,
and the apparatus which
connects to the top of the pile is
the cylinder. Piled riving is started
by having the weight raised by
auxiliary means usually a cable
from the crane holding the pile
driver which draws air into the
cylinder. The weight is dropped,
using a quick-release. The
weight of the piston compresses
the air, heating it to the ignition
point of diesel fuel. Diesel fuel is
added/injected into the cylinder.
The mixture ignites, transferring
the energy of the falling weight to
the pile head, and driving the
weight back up.
The diesel hammer is a small, light
weight and highly mobile. They use
gasoline for fuel. To start the
operation, the ram is raised, and the
fuel is injected. As the ram is
released, the ram falls and
compresses air and fuel. The air and
fuel becomes hot because of the
compression and the air-fuel mixture
is ignited. The resulting explosion
Advances the pile and
Lifts the ram. If the pile advance is
very great as in soft soils, the ram is
not lifted by the explosion sufficiently
to ignite the air-fuel mixture on the
next cycic, requiring that the ram be
again manually lifted.
METHODS OF PILING
1. Driven piling (Hydraulic Hammer)
Hydraulic hammer piling in action
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A hydraulic hammer is a
modern type of piling hammer
used in place of diesel and air
hammers for driving steel pipe
precast concrete, and timber
piles. Hydraulic hammers are
more environmentally
acceptable than the older, less
efficient hammers as they
generate less noise and
pollutants. However, in many
cases the dominant noise is
caused by the impact of the
hammer on the pile, or the
impacts between components
of the hammer, so that the
resulting noise level can be
very similar to diesel hammers.
METHODS OF PILING
Vibratory pile driver in action
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1. Driven piling (Vibratory Pile Driver)
Vibratory pile hammers
contain a system of counter-
rotating eccentric weights,
powered by hydraulic
motors, and designed in
such a way that horizontal
vibrations cancel out, while
vertical vibrations are
transmitted into the pile.
Vibratory hammers can
either drive in or extract a
pile; extraction is commonly
used to recover steel "H"
piles used in temporary
foundation shoring.
The principle of the vibratory
driver is two counter-rotating
eccentric weights. The driving
unit vibrates at high frequency
and provides two vertical
impulses, one up and one
down. The downward pulse
acts with the pile weight to
increase the apparent gravity
force. These hummers have
reduced driving vibrations,
reduced noise, and great speed
of penetration.
METHODS OF PILING

1. Driven piling (Silent Pile Driver)
Silent pile driver in action
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The Silent Piler is a hydraulic
machine for vibration-free
installation or extraction of
sheet piles. The machine
operates by gripping previously
driven piles to provide reaction
force for pressing in the next
pile. The Silent Piler works on
top of the reaction piles and
self-moves to the next position
as illustrated in the adjacent
picture. This technique allows
pile driving at sites which are
not accessible for conventional
piling techniques. Only a
relatively light-weight service
crane is needed to pitch the
sheet piles.
METHODS OF PILING
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1. Driven piling (Air Hammer)
Air hammer pile in action
Very basic hammer
design, impact based
with a rapid blow action
and air powered . Less
affected by ground
type, typically used to
finish drive to depth, if
not for the full drive.
Can be handled by an
excavator. Will drive
sheets into virtually all
ground conditions.
METHODS OF PILING
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2. Drilled piling (Caissons)
Caissons pile driling in progress
A caisson is a retaining structure
that is normally water tight that
is used to allow construction
work to be undertaken under dry
conditions below the water table
(including below the surface of a
river or lake). Examples of when
a caisson might be used include
on a river bed during the
construction of bridge pillars and
foundations, or during the
construction of a shaft. A pile is
a type of deep foundation which
usually extends to a significant
depth in the ground compared to
it's cross sectional area. Piles
may be either driven or cast in
place.

METHODS OF PILING
2. Drilled piling (Boring Rig and Auger Drill)
Boring rig and auger drilling in progress
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This piling method is ideal
for use in cohesive soils.
The rotating auger screws
into the strata reaming out
the soil. Once the required
depth has been achieved
the steel cage and concrete
is placed. These highly
mobile rigs are economic to
use on large open sites
with cohesive ground, and
on some chalk or sand,
which have good access.
Smaller models are
suitable for internal use. As
a rotary auger causes
minimal vibration it is ideal
for use next to buildings or
underground services
METHODS OF PILING

2. Drilled piling (Bucket Barrel)
Bucket barrel drilling in action
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METHODS OF PILING
Stages of work in preparing Deep Foundation

Stage 1: Piling works
Stage 2: Excavation and pile cutting works
Stage 3: Preparation and fabrication of reinforcement for pile cap
Stage 4: Preparation of pile cap formwork
Stage 5: Installation of pile cap reinforcement bar and starter bar

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Point for piling
The first stage of works in preparing Deep
Foundation is piling works that involve 1. Points
setting. 2. Piling 3. Piling Jointing (where more
piles are required).
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Jointing the pile coupling end plates
Welding the end plates



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Concrete piles
The second stage of works in preparing Deep
Foundation is excavation and pile cutting works.
Backhoe loader is needed to excavate the soil and
hydraulic pile cutter is required to cut the piles.
Pile cutting in action

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Hydraulic pile cutter

Concrete piles

Stage 3: Preparation & Fabrication of reinforcement bar for pile cap

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Pile Cap reinforcement bar
The third stage of works in preparing
Deep Foundation is preparing and
fabricating reinforcement bar for pile
cap..

Stage 4: Preparation of formworks for pile cap

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Formwork
The fourth stage of works in preparing
Deep Foundation is preparing formworks
for pile cap

Stage 5: Installing pile cap reinforcement & starter bars in formworks

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The fifth stage of works in preparing Deep
Foundation is installing pile cap reinforcement
& starter bars in formworks.
Pile Cap
reinforcement bar
Starter bar


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The sixth stage of works in preparing
Deep Foundation is concreting. The
suitable concrete is Grade M30.
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Pile Caps


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Stump
Pile Cap Starter bar
The final stage of works in preparing Deep
Foundation is installing the stumps.
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Deep /Pile Foundation
Deep foundation is completed and ready for ground beams works

Deep Foundations Starter bar
Pile Foundation

the library.
Piles
Piles Cap
Column starter bar
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Pile Foundation
(Deep Foundation)
the library.
Low bearing
capacity subsoil
Pile Cap
Pile
Stump
Pile Cap
reinforcement bar
Column starter bar
Soil
(Not to scale)
Pile Foundation (Deep Foundation)
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Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to architectural standard symbols. Students are advised
to refer to the building construction books for proper symbols available at the library.
Low bearing
capacity
subsoil
Piles
Reinforced concrete pile cap
(Grade M30)
Pile Cap
1m to 3m
deep
Starter bar
Ground Level
Pile Foundation & Suspended Ground Floor
Skirting
Sand screed 25mm
Floor finishes (tiles)
Damp-proof Membrane
Cement render
Drain
Hardcore 150mm thk.
Column
Column
reinforcement bars
Sand blinding 25mm
Piles
Floor reinforcement bars
10mm diameter
Reinforced concrete
(Grade M25) ground floor
slab 150mm thk.
Reinforced concrete
stump
Starter bars
Skirting
Concrete Ground Beam
(Grade M30)
Ground beam
reinforcement bars
(Not to scale)
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Note: Graphic symbols illustrated are not to
architectural standard symbols. Students are
advised to refer to the building construction books
for proper symbols available at the library.
Apron
Exterior part of building
Low bearing
capacity
subsoil
Brick wall
Plaster
Concrete
Hardcore
Damp-proof Course
Concrete pile cap (Grade M30 )
Ground Level
References:

1. Ivor H. Seeley (1995):Building Technology. Fifth edition. MacMillan.

2. Roland Ashcroft (1992); ConstructionFor Interior Designers. Second Edition. Longman.

3. Roger Greeno (1998):Advanced Construction Technology.

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THE END
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