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CE-332 CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT


CHP 2 - PROJECT PARTICIPANTS


LECTURER : ASSOC. PROF. DR. AHMET ZTA


UNIVERSITY OF GAZANTEP
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Lecture 2
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CHP2-PROJECT
PARTICIPANTS
Introduction
Owners
Design Professionals (Architects, Engineers)
Construction Professionals
(Contractors, Specialty contractors, Trades,
Material and Equipment Suppliers)
Other Participants
Organization of Companies
Conclusion
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Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn the following:
1. The roles and responsibilities of key
construction participants.
2. The division of labor within a designer and
construction organizations.
3. The common categories of construction
labor.
4. Professional registration and certification.
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INTRODUCTION-1
The product of a construction project can exist for
hundreds of years.
Idea - graphic form - finished product.
Idea defined by owner,
Developed by designer, (graphic form)
Produced by contractor
(This process defines the construction project)

We will discuss the roles of owner, designer, and
constructor as separate and distinct.
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a) Who fills the roles
b) How they relate to each other?
These are determined by many factors
Time
Money
Project uniqueness
Cultural environment
INTRODUCTION-2
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At first glance, roles are simple to define;
Owner is one with a deep pockets
Designer is the expert
Constructor is the guy with pickup truck and
backhoe
A closer look, reveals complex and interesting reality
Owner: Large organizations,
Designers: Depends on manufacturers, suppliers
and builders
Constructer: professionals with advanced technical
degrees
INTRODUCTION-3
PARTIES TO A PROJECT:
OWNER
DESIGNER
CONSTRUCTOR
SOCIETY AT
LARGE
What are the various obligations and privileges of
the Parties? How do they relate to one another?
Wow! Thats pretty complex. Are all those links present?
No. But thats our topic for next slayt . . .
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OWNERS-1
Owners can be;
a) Individuals .. Seeking a home for their growing family,
b) Organizations.. Responding to change in technology,
c) Municipality.. Seeking to improve its infrastructure, or
d) Developer.. Working to make money by filling a
perceived market need.
Motivation to build is as varied like individuals & companies.
Whatever the motivation, owner is where the project is born.
His function: financially back the project, otherwise no project

Source of financing defines the type of owner
a) Public owners
b) Private owners
c) Other representations
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Public owners
Money can be from local or state, but owner is taxpayer.
Some of these projects are done through public agencies that
commission the construction.
a) Department of transportation
b) State public works
c) DSI
Because these agencies represent the public, they must
follow specific methods of managing the projects.
Public approval process have to be figured out into any
schedule and budget.
How designer and constructor are selected is spelled
out.
Some projects are managed by private organizations.
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Private owners
This category includes

a) Homeowner .. who builds only one house in a lifetime

b) Multinational company .. that owns numerous facilities

c) Developer .. Special type of private owner who often
owns the project only for the duration of project. His goal
is to make money through quick sale or long-term rental.
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Owner representation-1
Because owner can be any individual or organization, that takes on a
construction project, t is difficult to find a common profile.

a) Facility managers: most common professional owner representative.
They are found most often in large organizations and institutions.
Like schools, universities, hospitals. Their job is to understand the
goals and objectives of their organization and ensure that facilities
are planned to support them.
b) Outside Consultants: Organizations without large in-house
departments often hire consultants.
c) Building committee: Consists of users, financial backers, and
sometimes community residents.
In all cases, owners are primarily concerned about their needs and their
money.
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Owner representation-2
Owners represent a specific interest during the project's life.
While designers focus on functionality, aesthetics and
innovative use of materials, owners are additionally
concerned about durability of design, storage and
availability of materials, simplicity of operation, and ease
of maintenance.
While constructors concerned with maintaining schedule and
budget through efficient methods of assembly and
improved management techniques, owners are
additionally concerned about a turnover process that
ensures complete understanding of all systems in project
and a smooth start-up transition.
These diverging interests forge a creative tension that pushes
all team members to incorporate the interest of others.
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DESIGN PROFESSIONALS
Principle designers: Architects and Engineers.

On Building and Residential sector projects
- Architects are lead designer, laying out the concept on
paper with owner.
- Engineer brought in after basic concept is worked out but
before details are developed.
On Infrastructure and Industrial sector projects
- Engineer is lead designer.
- Architect is brought in to work on the aesthetics.

Example: A refinery project. Engineer designs mechanical,
electrical and structural systems. Architect handles office
spaces and building color schemes.

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DESIGN PROFESSIONALS
Each professional contributes to projects in different ways.

For architects:
Physical context guiding feature
Activities that will occur in building
Creating a unique image

Very good architecture responds to all 3 aspects. process is intuitive and
subjective.

For Engineers:
Tackle a challenge objectively, Break it down to identifiable components
and a series of questions to be answered.
Important issue for them is functional aspect of work.
Example: Channel Tunnel project image was less important than safe,
efficient boring of many miles of tunnel, removal of spoil, insertion of
tunnel liner.
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DESIGN PROFESSIONALS
Who will be lead designer? Depends on project nature.

An architect may be asked to capture a corporation's image within the
form of a new headquarters building that provides convenient access
for vehicles and a welcoming entrance for pedestrians.
An engineer may be asked to replace and widen an existing five km
interstate highway through a dense urban environment without
adversely affecting the city's operations.
Both designers must think mechanically, technically, and creatively, but
the architect works in artistic realm while engineer works in the
technical realm.

Architects Engineers
Drafters Structural Engineers
Specification writers Mechanical Engineers
Interior designers Electrical Engineers
Landscape architects Civil Engineers
Surveyors
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Architects
Architects are stars of building industry.
First people to hear owners talk about their needs.
Meet occupants
Define budget and schedule
Influence choice of contractor
Influence choice of delivery method
Responsibility:
a) to translate and develop an owner's requirements and
graphically represent them.
b) To choose appropriate systems and materials (need skill
& expertise) & formulate a design that is mathematically
proportioned and aesthetically pleasing (talent).
Drafters, Specification writers, Interior designers & Landscape architects
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Engineers
Engineers work within large A/E firms, but most often
they are independent consultants.
Responsibility: varied depending on their discipline,
but in all cases they must understand an owner
requirements: budget, operations, durability and
Intended use of space.
Tasks:
a) Choose structural support
b) Specifying large equipment (e.g. air-handler)
c) Lay out necessary distribution (e.g. electrical
conduit, piping system)
d) Specify and locate the termination devices
(e.g. radiation units, electrical outlet).
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Engineers
Civil Engineers:
Determine project location on a site by studying the
subsurface soil conditions and the topography of the
land.
Design roads, bridges, tunnels, parking lots, storm water
drainage, and sewage treatment plants.
Structural Engineers:
Calculate strengths and deflections, foundation sizes,
beam thickness, and strength of floor slabs.
Ensure that a building can withstand the forces of wind,
gravity and seismic activity.
Surveyors
Mechanical Engineers
Electrical Engineers
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Constructors
Estimators
Schedulers
Purchasing agents
Specialty Constructors
The Trades (pile-drivers, ironworkers, cement masons, sheet-
metal workers, plasterers, plumbers, pipe-fitters, electricians,
bricklayers, glaziers, roofers, carpenters)
Material Suppliers
Equipment suppliers
Others
Construction
Professionals
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Constructors
Constructor is a general term used to define the professional
responsible for all construction activities whether he works
as a general contractor, or a construction manager.
Constructor has changed in terms of type and training of
personnel.
In past, company executives rose through industry`s ranks,
often starting as a carpenter or laborer.
Today, company heads are graduates from universities.
This trend is also working its way into field management of
jobs.
Many project managers have been trained in construction
management programs, and superintendents may be
recruited directly from civil engineering programs.
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Estimators
Estimators are pivotal to any construction company; jobs
are won and lost by their efforts.
Work with design drawings and prepare a complete list of
job costs.
Need to understand construction process.
Be detail-oriented and well organized
Have knowledge of costs for labor, materials, equipment.
Estimating is a computerized activity.
Estimators may come from variety of backgrounds and
learn on the job, many start out as engineers, constructors,
or designers.
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Schedulers
Scheduler work between the home office and the
field office.
Need to understand construction process,
Need to define distinct construction activities,
Need to understand relationships among activities,
Need a strong background in construction but they
learn actual skill on the job.
Successful schedulers monitor job progress,
coordinate subcontractors, analyze changes and
the impact of delays, and solve problems.
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Purchasing agents
PA buy subcontracts once a job is won.
Negotiates to get best price while ensuring that all
contract requirements are met. To successfully
negotiate with subs;
PA must understand building materials, prices,
and construction process,
Have broad business sense,
Be persuasive.
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Speciality contractors
Generally known as subcontractors.

It includes mechanical, electrical, excavation, and
demolition contractors.

They are usually hired by and work for directly for
a general contractor.

Supply most of the material and labor on the job.
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Trades
From the time first pencil is laid to paper in the design process to the
completion of shop drawings and coordination drawings, the goal is
instruct the people who actually perform the work in the field: the
trades people
Trades form the core of industry- a constant throughout its history.
Pile drivers, Ironworkers,
Cement masons, Sheet metal workers,
Plasterers, Plumbers and
Pipe fitters, Electricians,
Bricklayers, Glaziers,
Roofers, Carpenters
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Material suppliers
A project may have talented designers, innovative
constructors, and wealthy, sophisticated owners; but
without materials to build with, the project would be only a
dream.
Materials and building components are manufactured,
fabricated, and installed by suppliers.
A user`s choice of materials is based in part on
performance, durability, and aesthetic appeal.
Without supplier`s help;
Architects and engineers can not specify which material to use,
Constructors can not decide which method of material assembly.
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Equipment suppliers
Depending on the project, equipment can play a very big
role in construction.
Highway jobs, large excavations, bridges, tunnels, and tall
buildings all rely heavily on the use of equipment to carry
out the work.
Suppliers offer it for sale or rent.
Rental arrangement can vary on points concerning
Who maintains the equipment
Whether it comes with an operator.

What is the difference between material and equipment?
Equipment does not become part of the project at the end.
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Other participants
Financial institutions; sometimes government
agencies.
Public agencies zoning boards, planning boards,
historical commissions, building code officials.
Insurance companies
Property insurance to owners,
Liability insurance to designers,
Bonding insurance to constructors
Lawyers
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The roles of design and construction firms are certainly
different; but because both are project-based, they have
similarities in their organization.
Both are internally organized to support technical people
such as marketing managers, accountants, information
systems, technical supports, and human resource
personnel.
For example, marketing manager:
His principal job is to generate business, establishing the proper
mix of work among the company`s different specialties.
At the project level, the profile of company roles varies to
some degree. Both company hire outside help.
Designers: hire consultants
Contractors: hire subcontractors or specialty contractors.
Organization of
Companies-1
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Organization of
Companies-2
To manage in-house resources and outsourced specialties,
each firm organizes its project teams a little differently.
Common staff positions in design companies:
Project manager
Clerk of works,
Job captain
Common staff positions in construction companies:
Construction project manager
Superintendent
Field engineer
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Design company
organization
Project manager: Owner`s primary contact,
responsible for scheduling in-house work, and
identifying necessary staffing levels for both in-
house personnel and outside consultants. He
also helps the owner get bids from contractors
and negotiate the construction contract.
Clerk of the works: Enforce the terms of
contract; interpret the plans and specs.
Job captain: organizes drawings, manages
personnel, communicate with engineers and
other consultants, and details schematic
designs.
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Construction company
organization
Construction Project manager: Configure
project team, schedule the job, and set up a
cost-control system. If there are changes, this
person negotiate the cost with various parties.
Superintendent: Interact with specialty
subcontractors, coordinating the flow of workers,
supplies, and equipment. He also prioritize work
and negotiate disputes between trades.
Field engineer: Handle various documents that
flow through a field office, follow up an owner
requests and communicate with tenants.
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Conclusion
The people in construction cover a wide range of skills & experience.
From apprentice carpenters to company executives, one thing that
they share is their passion for built environment.
The building industry is tough one; risks are high working conditions
are often harsh, conflicts arise because of financial pressures, and
safety is always a concern.
Interactions can determine project success. Thus, it is important to
understand who these people are and what their motivation will be.
The industry is changing. No longer are the roles of individuals
distinct and understood by all participants.
Owners can have large in-house design and construction groups.
Designers and constructors can come together to offer services
under one company heading. Both can act as owner representative.
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Homework-1
1. Identify a new project that has been constructed
in your area.
Who was the lead design firm?
Identify the key subconsultants/designers hired
by this firm.
Identify the training and/or registration of the key
designers that were used on the project
2. Visit a job site and identify the trades that are
presently working there. Write up a description of
work for each trade.
Is the job union or nonunion?
Write a short report for below questions and submit by 06 March 2009 to
Res. Assist. Kasm Mermerda.
Next Chapter

Chapter 3 - Project Delivery Methods

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