CP502

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Flow of Viscous Fluids
and Boundary Layer Flow
[ 10 Lectures + 3 Tutorials ]
Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) project
Midsemester (open book) examination
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
What do we mean by Fluid?
Physically: liquids or gases
Mathematically:
A vector field u (represents the fluid velocity)




A scalar field p (represents the fluid pressure)



fluid density (d) and fluid viscosity (v)

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Recalling vector operations
Del Operator:

Laplacian Operator:

Gradient:
Vector Gradient:

Divergence:

Directional Derivative:
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Continuity equation for incompressible
(constant density) flow
where u is the velocity vector
u, v, w are velocities in x, y, and z directions
- derived from conservation of mass
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010


Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum
kinematic
viscosity
(constant)
density
(constant)
pressure
external force
(such as
gravity)
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum




R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum


Acceleration term:
change of velocity
with time
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum


Advection term:
force exerted on a
particle of fluid by the
other particles of fluid
surrounding it
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum


viscosity (constant) controlled
velocity diffusion term:
(this term describes how fluid motion is
damped)
Highly viscous fluids stick together (honey)
Low-viscosity fluids flow freely (air)
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum


Pressure term:
Fluid flows in the
direction of
largest change
in pressure


R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum


Body force term:
external forces that
act on the fluid
(such as gravity,
electromagnetic,
etc.)
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum


change
in
velocity
with time
advection
diffusion pressure
body
force
= + + +
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid


R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in Cartesian coordinates
Continuity:
Navier-Stokes:
x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an
infinite channel with stationery plates
- fully developed plane Poiseuille flow
Fixed plate
Fixed plate
Fluid flow direction
h
x
y
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an
infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity
- fully developed plane Couette flow
Fixed plate
Moving plate
h
x
y
Fluid flow direction
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in cylindrical coordinates
Continuity:
Navier-Stokes:
Radial component:
Tangential component:
Axial component:
R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in a pipe
- fully developed pipe Poisuille flow
Fixed pipe
z
r
Fluid flow direction
2a 2a

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid between
a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder
- fully developed pipe Couette flow
a
a
b
r