Delta Higher Institute for

Engineering & Technology

Dr : Ayman El Tahrany
Dr : Mohamed Farouk

Mohamed Mohamed Ibrahim Farag
Mohamed Samir El Metwally
Khaled Abd El Razek Mohamed

This presentation is a bout deep foundation it
will have brief history of deep foundation ,
distinguish between deep foundation and shallow
foundation and it contains definition for different
types of deep foundation as well .
It also classified the deep foundation according
to material , shape, construction method and the
way it transfer the superstructure loads to good
soil stratum .

The driving of bearing piles to support structures
is one of the earliest examples of the art and
science of a civil engineer. In mediaeval times,
piles of oak were used in the foundations of the
great monasteries constructed in the fenlands of
East Anglia. In China, timber piling was used by
the bridge builders of the Han Dynasty (200 BC to
AD 200)
A deep foundation is one that transmits the
applied loads to deep strata below the ground
surface , we can name a foundation is deep or
shallow if its depth is greater than the width by
three times , according to ECP.

Piles
Caisson
Piers

Piles are slender structural elements in a
foundation which have the function of transferring
load from the superstructure through weak
compressible strata or through water, onto stiffer or
more compact and less compressible soils or onto
rock. They may be required to carry uplift loads
when used to support tall structures subjected to
overturning forces from winds or waves. Piles used
in marine structures are subjected to lateral loads
from the impact of berthing ships and from waves.
combinations of vertical and horizontal loads are
carried where piles are used to support retaining
walls, bridge piers and abutments, and machinery
foundations.
Caissons are prefabricated boxes or cylinders
that are sunk into the ground to some desired
depth , then filled with concrete .

A drilled shaft is a foundation element composed
of cast-in-place reinforced concrete that is placed
into an open drilled excavation .




1.5 4
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Piles is a slender columnar structural elements
used to transfer large loads from superstructure
through weak soil to good soil the can bear the
loads , there are several classifications of piles
according to application , material , method of
construction and the way it transfer the loads .
1. Incase of great loads and shallow weak soil .
2. Incase of big eccentricity of loads .
3. Incase of uplift .
4. Incase of great Hz. Force .
5. In case of deep excavation supporting .
6. Incase of increasing stability of slopes .
7. Incase of Compaction of soil .
When loads are very large and the shallow soil is
weak so we must use piles to transfer loads to
dense sand or rock.

Incase of tall buildings
subjected to moment
greater than vertical
loads( e= M/N) like
tower carrying high
power transmission
lines the thrust of wind
might produces over
turning that must be
resisted by the
tension piles .
Ground water tanks that constructed in soil with high
ground water level that cause uplift pressure on the tank ,
so we use tension piles to resist heave subjected to ground
water tank .
Incase of Great Hz. Forces that may cause sliding
to shallow foundation , we use pile foundation that
can bear the Hz. Forces .

Incase of excavating a deep excavation to
construct a foundation for a building adjacent to
another existing building we have to use a piles or
sheet piles to support the excavation .





incase of stabilizing slopes of road and canals
embankments we use piles to attain the stability
required .

installing compaction piles is a very effective
way of improving soil. Compaction piles are
usually made of prestressed concrete or timber.
Installation of compaction piles both densifies and
reinforces the soil. The piles are generally installed
in a grid pattern and are generally driven to depth
of up to 60 ft.

According to:
1. Material .
2. The way it transfer loads .
3. Method of construction
Steel piles are usually rolled H shapes or pipe
piles , it can be spliced when driving it , it have
high tensile strength more than any major pile type
.

Timber piles are made of tree trunks with
branches trimmed of , its rarely used to support
structures in Egypt ,but it often used in marine
structure .

R.C piles the most common used to support
structures in Egypt , it may be casted in place ,
precast R.C or precast prestressed driven into soil
.

1. Friction pile .
2. End-Bearing pile .
3. Friction-End Bearing pile .


Friction piles transfer
most of the load applied
to the soil by friction of
the outer area of the
pile shaft with the soil ,
the friction soil used
incase of cohesive soil .
End-Bearing piles
transfer their loads from
the structure to a firm
stratum located at a
considerable depth , the
pile behaves as an
ordinary column and
should be designed as
such column .
Friction-End Bearing
pile transfer the loads
by both the friction of
cohesive soil along the
pile shaft and the
resistance of
penetration of the soil at
the pile tip.
1. Driven Piles .
2. Cast in-situ piles .
3. Driven and Cast in-situ piles .

Driven piles always made of timber , steel and precast
R.C. , pile driving methods can made by equipment like
Drop Hammers.

1. Piles can be precast to the required specs .
2. Piles of any specs made in advance and used at the
site , as a result the progress of the work will be rapid .
3. Piles driven into granular soil compacts the adjacent soil
mass as a result the bearing capacity of the pile is
increased .
4. Driven piles are the most favored for works over water
such as piles in marine structures .

1. Driven piles must be properly reinforced to withstand
handling stresses during transportation and driving .
2. Lengths of piles is restricted to the length allowed for
trucks to carry .
3. It Required heavy equipment for handling and driving .
4. Foundations of the adjacent structures affected by the
vibrations due to driving .
Bored piles are concrete cast in situ , they are
constructed by making holes in the ground to the required
depth and then filling the hole with concrete and installing
the rebar cage .

This type has the advantages and disadvantages of both
the driven and the cast-in-situ piles. The procedure of
installing a driven and cast-in-situ pile is as follows: A steel
shell is driven into the ground with the aid of a mandrel
inserted into the shell. The mandrel is withdrawn and
concrete is placed in the shell .

The stage of excavating the hole for the pile we should
support the excavation sides to resist the collapse that may
happen , there are 3 types of supporting excavation sides
as follows :
1. Casing .
2. Bentonite slurry .
3. Dry boring .

We can support excavations by using tubes driven into
the soil to a depth from 1 to 2 m and lower the bucket
inside it to empty the soil and , and driving it gradually in
the soil till it reaches the level of the tip of the pile . We put
the rebar cage in the borehole and fill it with concrete .