When s ash dstaton

used?
ash dstaton a snge equbrum
stage
1. when very crude separaton s
needed
e.g., o/water separaton n crude o renng
2. when voattes of components n
the mxture are very dherent
e.g., water desanaton (4000 pants
wordwde, producng 3.4 bon gaons
potabe H
2O day)
http://www.edwardsmovng.com/Fash%20Drum.htm
Fash drum 126' x 12' @ 179,000 bs.,
beng moved nto poston on 4 sef propeed steerabe does at a ma|or o
renery.
10x 5.9 MIGD MSF unts n
Saud Araba
DESALINATION OF SEA WATER BY MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
There are severa consecutve stages (ash drums) mantaned at decreasng
pressures from the rst stage (hot) to the ast stage (cod). Sea-water ows
through the tubes of the heat exchangers, where t s warmed by condensaton
of the vapor produced n each stage. Its temperature ncreases from sea
temperature to net temperature of the brne heater. The sea water then ows
through the brne heater where t receves the heat necessary for the process
(generay by condensng steam). At the outet of the brne heater, when
enterng the rst ash drum, sea water s overheated compared to the
temperature and pressure of stage 1. Thus t w mmedatey "ash", .e.,
reease heat, and thus vapor, to reach equbrum wth stage condtons. The
vapor s condensed nto fresh water on the tubuar exchanger at the top of the
stage. The process takes pace agan when the water s ntroduced nto the
foowng stage, and so on unt the ast and codest stage. The fresh water
accumuates as the dstate, whch s extracted from the ast (codest) stage.
Sea water becomes sghty concentrated from stage to stage and becomes the
brne ow, whch s aso extracted from the ast stage.
http://www.sdem-desanaton.com/en/process/MSF/
BIODIESEL MANUFACTURING
Bodese s made by transestercaton of
trgycerdes wth methano, usng NaOH as
the catayst:
The products are gycero and fatty acd
methy esters (FAMEs). The atter are
bodese.
The gycero s much denser than the
bodese, and separates by gravty n a
setter.
The bodese s pured by separatng t from
methano/water usng smpe ash
dstaton.
http://www.enercean.bz/Equpment/Bodese/BodeseFash/Bodese
Fash.htm
GLYCOL DEHYDRATION UNIT
The DPS Deta gyco dehydraton unt removes water vapor from a gas
stream to aow further treatment and transportaton wthout rsk of hydrate
formaton or corroson n the presence of H
2S or CO2, usng ethyene gyco as a qud desccant.
http://www.dps-deta.com/portfoo/gyco.htm
GLYCOL DEHYDRATION PROCESS
Wet gas contanng HC dropets enters the ntegra scrubber secton of the contactor tower where
free qud s removed. Saturated gas ows up through the mass transfer secton of the tower
mxng wth the downward owng ean gyco. Dry gas w ext the tower va a demster pad and
the rch gyco goes to a co wthn the st coumn mounted on the reboer. The condensng vapors
provde reux for the st coumn.
The warmed rch gyco ows va the ean/ rch gyco exchanger to the Flash Drum to remove
entraned gas and separate HC qud from the rch gyco. The rch gyco then passes through a
sods ter to remove partcuates and a carbon ter to remove traces of aromatc compounds.
After terng the rch gyco s heated by the ean gyco from the Surge Vesse .Lean gyco ows
from an ntegra gas strppng coumn va the Surge Drum to the Lean/ Rch Gyco Exchanger
before owng to the Lean Gyco Pump whch sends the gyco under hgh pressure to the Gyco
Contactor va the Lean Gyco Cooer.
Fash drum schematc
feed easest to pump f qud
f necessary, ncrease pressure to keep t qud (T
F < Tbp)
to make feed partay vaporze, need Tdrum > Tbp, and Pdrum < PF
ash s usuay adabatc (no heat transfer across the system boundary)
parta condensor operates n the same way, wth hot vapor feed whch partay condenses when cooed.
Case 1: speced T
drum, Pdrum
TMB: F = L + V
CMB: F z
= L x + V y
VLE: K = y / x
sove for x:
x
i
=
Fz
i
L+VK
i
=
Fz
i
(F V) +VK
i
=
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
can aso express n terms
of y
:
knowns: z
, K (Tdrum)
unknowns: x
(or y), V/F
x
i
i

=1 y
i
i

=1 or
aso need to use:
where V/F s the fracton of feed vaporzed, 0
V/F 1
y
i
=
K
i
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
Rachford-Rce Souton
tra-and-error method (except bnary); easy to program
x
i
i

=1
terate unt convergence
then cacuate x
, y vaues
then use TMB to cacuate V, L
possbe souton:
faster convergence:
Rachford-Rice equation
and
x
i
=
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
i

=1
y
i
i

x
i
=
i

K
i
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
i

z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
i

= 0
(K
i
1)z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
i

= 0
Fndng V/F
f
V
F
( )
=
(K
i
1)z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
i

= 0
agorthm for Newtonan convergence (Wankat, p. 37-8):
pck a vaue for V/F
evauate f(V/F)
f f(V/F) = 0, choose a new vaue for V/F
V
F
( )
next
=
V
F
( )
prev

f
prev
df
prev
d
V
F
( )
where
df
d
V
F
( )
=
(K
i
1)
2
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F

2
i

Case 2: specfy P
drum and V/F
Guess T
drum
Cacuate K vaues
Evauate V/F usng R-R equaton
If f(V/F) = 0, guess new Tdrum (reca Tbp cacuaton)
Case 3: specfy P
drum and one x (or y) vaue
Guess T
drum
Cacuate a K vaue
Cacuate V/F usng
Evauate f(V/F) for ths Tdrum
If f(V/F) = 0, guess new Tdrum
or
x
i
=
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
y
i
=
K
i
z
i
1+(K
i
1)
V
F
Ready! To desgn the ash drum
meanng, how arge?

Consder the ash drum as a vertca cynder:

mportant sze
parameters:
dameter D
heght h
pacement of feed
nozze
materas ssues:
hgh temperature?
hgh pressure?
corrosve feed?
D
h
F
V
L

If the ash drum s too sma:

bubbe entranment n L
qud entranment n V (demster heps)

Separaton s compromsed
If the ash drum s too arge:
- wasted expense
If the qud voume s arge:
Use a horzonta drum nstead
Vertca drum sze
1. Cacuate maxmum permssbe vapor veocty, u
perm
(m/s)
u
perm
= K
drum

L

V

V
where K
drum s an emprca constant, typcay 0.1 Kdrum 0.35
2. Cacuate cross-sectona area, A
c (m)
A
c
=
V(MW
v
)
u
perm

V
where V s vapor ow rate and MW
V s the vapor average moecuar weght
3. Cacuate drum dameter, D, and heght, h
D=
4A
c

rue-of-thumb: 3 h/D 5
Graphca souton
for bnary mxtures
CMB: F z
= L x + V y
sove for y
: y = -(L/V) x + (F/V) z
equaton of a straght ne
the "operatng ne"
sope = -(L/V)
souton to the ash drum probem must
smutaneousy satsfy CMB (operatng ne) and
VLE (equbrum ne)
for a bnary mxture, we can represent both on a
2D graph
McCabe-Thee dagram
From Separation roce!! "n#ineerin#$ %hird "dition by Php C. Wankat
(ISBN: 0131382276) Copyrght 2012 Pearson Educaton, Inc. A rghts reserved.
Fgure 2-2 McCabe-Thee dagram for
ethano-water
V
L
E

n
e
y
E = -(L/V) xE + (F/V) zE
y
E
x
E
Fnd T
drum?
yE/xE = KE (Tdrum)
s

o
p
e

=

-
(
L
/
V
)
o
p
e
r
a
t

n
g

n
e

smutaneou
s souton of
CMB and
VLE

Drawng the operatng ne

From Separation roce!! "n#ineerin#$ %hird "dition by Php C. Wankat
(ISBN: 0131382276) Copyrght 2012 Pearson Educaton, Inc. A rghts reserved.
Fgure 2-2 McCabe-Thee dagram for
ethano-water
y
=
x
y
= -(L/V) x + (F/V) z
y
nt = (F/V)zE

o
p
e
r
a
t

n
g

n
e
for speced feed (z
), Pdrum and V/F:
ynt = (F/V) z
-(L/V) = -(F-V)/V = 1 - (F/V)
V
L
E

n
e
when y
= x,
y = -(L/V) y + (F/V) z
y (1 + L/V) = (F/V) z
y (V + L)/V = (F/V) z
.e., y = x = z
z
E
a&& operatin# &ine!
mu!t pa!! throu#h
thi! point
Lmts of separaton
From Separation roce!! "n#ineerin#$ %hird "dition by Php C. Wankat
(ISBN: 0131382276) Copyrght 2012 Pearson Educaton, Inc. A rghts reserved.
y
=
x
y
= -(L/V) x + (F/V) z
f
a
m

y

o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t

n
g

n
e
s
for a gven feed (z
), 0 (V/F) 1
V
L
E

n
e (V/F) = 1 (vaporze a the feed)
(L/V) = (F-V)/V = (F/V) - 1 = 0
operatng ne s horzonta
corresponds to x
mn
V'F (
)
(V/F) = 0 (vaporze no feed)
(L/V) = (F/V) - 1 =
operatng ne s vertca
corresponds to y
max
V'F (
*

x
E,mn

y
E,max
z
E
Fgure 2-2 McCabe-Thee dagram for
ethano-water
as x x
mn, or y ymax, product yed 0
to acheve nte yed, must have &e!! separaton
Energy baance (EB)
EB: Fh
F + Oash = VHv + LhL
where hF, hL are qud enthapes
HV s vapor enthapy
a are functons of temperature, composton
0
assume ash drum s we-nsuated, ash s
adabatc
for dea mxtures and arbtrary T
ref:
h
i
(%,x
i
) = x
i
+

L,i
(% %
ref
)
i

,
i
(%,y
i
) = y
i

i
++

V,i
(% %
ref
)

for a partcuar component ,

C
P,L s moar heat capacty of pure qud
CP,V s moar heat capacty of pure vapor
s atent heat of vaporzaton at T = Tref
Feed temperature
EB: Fh
F = VHv + LhL
What temperature must the feed be to cause the ash?
Case 1: for !peci-ed %
F, vaue of hF s known
ths determnes vaues of HV, hL necessary to satsfy EB
.e., Tdrum s determned
Case 2: for !peci-ed %
drum, vaues of HV, hL are known
ths determnes vaue of hF necessary to satsfy EB
.e., TF s determned
Heatng the feed
f the feed s not aready at temperature T
F, how much heat
must be supped?
energy baance on heater:
F h
1(T1) + Oh = F hF(TF)
O
h = F (hF - h1)
(dctates sze of heater requred)
F, z
, T1
F, z
, TF