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First Microscope
• Zacharias Janssen
– in 1595 he and father Hans created the

first compound microscope by placing

two lens in a tube.

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• Robert Hooke Early Discoveries
– In 1665 wrote book

Micrographia which
detailed things he had
seen under microscope
– In mid 1600’s first

person to call a cell a

“cell”

Looked at sample of
cork, was reminded
of monk’s cell, or
room
– Also further developed

Janssen’s microscope
into more practical
device 3
 Early Discoveries
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
– In late 1600’s observed

sperm, microorganisms
– 1st person to observe

single celled
organisms in pond
water
– Used hand lenses

(magnifying glasses)
which he made
– Made first accurate

description of red
blood cells
• 1820s - Robert Brown
observed/named nucleus
in plant cells
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 Early Discoveries
• Mathias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
– In 1838 Schleiden recognized that all plants

are made up of cells.

– In 1839 Schwann recognized that all animals

are made up of cells

– Together the two articulated the cell theory

• Rudolf Virchow
– In 1855 Virchow proposed that all cells come

from existing cells.

– This provided the last piece of the cell theory

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Video Clip
 Cell Theory
• All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
• Cells are the smallest living units of all
living organisms.
• Cells arise only by division of a
previously existing cell.

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BrainPop on Cells, login & password: masonhs
• Create detailed images of something that is otherwise too
small to see
• Light microscopes
Microscopes
– Simple or compound
• Electron microscopes
– Transmission EM

electrons transmitted through specimen
– Scanning EM

electrons beamed onto surface of the specimen
– They have better Resolution
 minimum distance two points can be apart and still
be distinguished as two separate points

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 Comparison between Microscopes

light TEM SEM

microscope

source of light light electrons electrons

specimen living(moving)/nonliving nonliving nonliving

max resolution 200 nm 1 nm 10 nm

max magnify 1,500x 250,000x 100,000x
stains colored dye heavy metal coated C, Au
type of image colored black/white black/white
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BrainPop on Microscopes, Login & Password: masonhs
What type of microscope was used for each
image?

animal cell EM

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 Light Microscopy
• Wavelengths of
light are 400-750 ocular lens
nm
prism
• If a structure is
less than one-half
of a wavelength objective lens
long, it will not be
visible stage
condenser

• Light
illuminator
microscopes can
resolve objects
down to about
200 nm in size source of illumination
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 Electron Microscopy
accelerated electron flow
(top to bottom)

• Uses streams of
accelerated electrons condenser lens
rather than light specimen

objective lens

• Electrons are focused

by magnets rather than
glass lenses intermediate lens

• Can resolve structures projector lens

down to 0.5 nm
viewing screen
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You Tube Video Clip
Visualizing Cells

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 Cell Characteristics/Groups
• All cells start out life with:
– cell membrane


a thin, flexible barrier around the
cell
– Cytoplasm

 material inside the cell

membrane
– Ribosomes

 location of protein synthesis

– DNA

 Genetic instructions for making

proteins
• Two major types of cells:
– Prokaryotic

– Eukaryotic
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• Common
name:
– BACTERIA Prokaryotic Cells
• Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria
• DNA is not
enclosed in
nucleus
• Generally the
smallest,
simplest cells
• No organelles
except
ribosomes
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Video Clip
 Pili •Helps connect cell to other cells, aids in movement

Plasma Membrane

Slime •Protection &

helps cell stick Plasmid
to surfaces •Circular ring of
DNA

•Strands of DNA

•Increases surface
area for cell
respiration
•Helps form cell walls

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Know the functions of all these parts of a Prokaryotic Cell
 Eukaryotic Cells
• Have a nucleus and
many other
organelles
• Complex – many cell
parts
– Learn the

structure/function
of the parts in the
chart provided in
class
• Eukaryotic
organisms have
Eukaryotic cells:
– Plants

– Animals

– Protists

– Fungi

BrainPop on Cell Types

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