How ionized

water is made ?


IONIZATION REACTION OF WATER
Reversible reaction
The Ionization of Water Is Expressed by an
Equilibrium Constant
The equilibrium constant for the reversible ionization of water
K
eq
: equilibrium constan
In pure water at 25 C, the
concentration of water is 55.5 M
Kw : The ion Product of water at
25C
electrical-conductivity
measurements of pure water is 1.8 x
10
16
M is at 25 C.

the product [H
+
][OH
-
] in aqueous
solutions at 25 C always equals 1x
10
14
M
2
.



When there are exactly equal
concentrations of H
+
and OH
-
, as in
pure water, the solution is said to be
at Neutral pH.

SOLVING FOR [H
+
] GIVES :
Defenition of Acid-Base
Arrhenius Theory

An acid is a substance that
contains hydrogen and
produces H+ in aqueous
solution.
A base is a substance that
contains the OH- (hydroxyl)
group and produces
hydroxide ions, OH- , in
aqueous solution.
Brnsted Theory

An acid is defined as a
proton donor (H+).

A base is defined as a proton
acceptor.
Lewis Theory

An acid is any species that
can accept a share in an
electron pair.
A base is anyspecies that can
make available, or donate,
a share in an electron pair.


pH is defined as the negative
logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration.
PH : POTENTIAL OF HIDROGEN
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+]. This value ranges from 0
to 14 pH :
- Values below 7 pH exhibit acidic properties.
- Values above 7 pH exhibit basic (also known as caustic or alkaline) properties.
Since 7 pH is the center of the measurement scale, it is neither acidic nor basic and is,
therefore, called "neutral."
Measurement of pH is one of the
most important and frequently used
procedures in biochemistry. The pH
affects the structure and activity of
biological macromolecules;

for example, the catalytic activity of
enzymes is strongly dependent on
pH.

Measurements of the pH of blood
and urine are commonly used in
medical diagnoses.

MEASUREMENTS
OF PH
IN BIOCHEMISTRY

pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium

Acids include strong acids, which completely dissociate in water, and weak acids, which only
partially dissociate. When an acid dissociates, it releases a proton to make the solution acidic,
but weak acids have both a dissociated state (A
-
) and undissociated state (AH) that coexist
according to the following dissociation equilibrium equation.
Ka : acid dissociation constant
Ka is The concentration ratio of both sides is constant given fixed analytical conditions
Based on this equation, Ka expresses how easily the acid releases a proton (in
other words, its strength as an acid). In addition, the equation shows how the
dissociation state of weak acids vary according to the [H
+
] level in the solution.
Therefore, pKa was introduced as an index to express the acidity of weak
acids, where pKa is defined as follows :
In addition:
the smaller the pKa value, the stronger the acid


Buffers are aqueous systems that tend
to resist changes in pH when small
amounts of acid (H+) or base (OH-)are
added.
A buffer system consists of a weak acid (the proton donor)
and its conjugate base (the proton acceptor)

Not Buffer Solution
Buffer Solution
the buffer solution, when added to a number of
moles of acid pH changes drastically from 7 to 2
the buffer solution, when the number of moles of
acid added, the solution pH did not change
significantly (only about 0.08 points, depending
on the number of moles of acid that is added
How a Buffer
System
Works
Whenever H+ or OH- is
added to a buffer, the
result is a small change in
the ratio of the relative
concentrations of the
weak acid and its anion
and thus a small change
in pH. The decrease in
concentration of one
component of the system
is balanced exactly by an
increase in the other. The
sum of the buffer
components does not
change, only their ratio.

Kind of Biological Buffers in Human Blood
Phosphate Systems
acts in the cytoplasm of all cells ( fluid
intraseluller)
consists of H
2
PO
4
-
as proton donor and
HPO
4
2-
as proton acceptor :


The phosphate buffer system is
maximally effective at a pH close to its
pKa of 6.86

Bicarbonate Systems
The main buffer system in blood
plasma
consists of H
2
CO
3
as proton donor and
HCO
3
-
as proton acceptor:



Physiology buffer is effective at pH 7.4








WHAT IS THE EFFECT TO OUR HEALTH IF
OUR BUFFER SYSTEM IS DISRUPTED ?
pH of blood plasma is maintained at a constant value with the value of hair-splitting.
Expected value of pH in the blood does not go up or down.
Asidosis
pH in blood is decrease until 7.4 or dibawahnya
an overproduction of metabolic acids
body fluids are too acidic
e.g : diabetes berat
Alkalosis
pH in blood is increase
body fluids are too alkaline



Various structures and functions of cells affected by
pH, the catalytic activity of the enzyme is primarily.
Small changes in pH can cause a big difference in
the speed of some enzymatic reactions that are
important to the organism.
adjusting the pH of cells and body fluids is the main activity
in the metabolism and cellular activity
References
Kohlmann, Frederick J. 2001. A Technical Handbook for Industry.GLI International.

Nelson, David L and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5
th
edn, W.H.
Freeman and company, New York, (2008)

Whitten, K. W., Davis, R. E., Peck, M. L., Stanley, G. G., 2004, General chemistry,
Seventh edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, USA