Genetics and Heredity

Probability
Probability
The likelihood that a specific event will
occur
Probability = # of 1 times event occurs
number of possible outcomes
Example: What is the
probability that a tossed
coin will be heads?
or 50%
Probability
The First Law of Probability:
the results of the first trial
of a chance event do not
affect the results of later
trials of the same event.

In other words, no matter
how many times a flipped
coin lands on tails, every flip
still has a chance of tails.
Probability
Second Law of Probability: The
probability of two or more
independent events occurring
together is the product of their
separate probabilities.
What is the probability that a couple
will have four boys?
50% (1/2 probability each time)
x x x = 1/16
Inherited Traits
Your eye color
Your height
Your hair color and texture
Are these inherited traits?
Are these inherited traits?
Your personality


Your musical,
athletic, and
artistic abilities
Think about this.
My parents have brown eyes, why are
mine blue?

My brother is tall. Why am I short?

Why does my sister have blonde hair
while mine is brown?
Gregor Mendel
These are questions that Gregor
Mendel tried to answer..
Born in 1822 in Austria
1843 Studied
Theology
1846-Studied Science
at the University of
Vienna
Father of Genetics
Mendels studies led to:
Dominant (H)
Homozygous (HH or hh)
Genotype (HH, Hh or hh)

Purebred (HH or hh)
Recessive (h)
Heterozygous (Hh)
Phenotype (blonde,
brown, red)
Hybrid (Hh)
Concepts in Inheritance
Theory of Heredity
Inherited allele for
purple P
Inherited allele
for purple P
HOMOZYGOUS
purple flower PP
Theory of Heredity
Inherited allele for
purple flower (P)
Inherited allele for
pink flower (p)
HETEROZYGOUS
purple flower (Pp)
Theory of Heredity
Inherited for pink
flower (p)
Inherited for pink
flower (p)
HOMOZYGOUS pink
flower (pp)
PREDICTING HEREDITY
PUNNETT SQUARES
A Punnett square is a tool used to help
predict the probability of offspring of a
couple.
1. Decide the genes that could be passed
on to the offspring in the gametes from
each parent.
2. Cross the different gene/gamete
possibilities for each possible offspring
combination.
Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross: a cross that shows the
possible offspring for one trait
Aa x Aa
A: White fur
a: Brown fur
Parent Aa has what
gentotype?
Parent Aa can produce a
gamete with either an A
or with an a
Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross: a cross that shows the
possible offspring for one trait
Aa x Aa
A: White fur
a: Brown fur
Aa produces gamete A or a
A
a
A
a
Separate the two genes (as though they were
separating into different gametes) and place one
outside the first row on the left and the other under
it outside the second row.
Separate the other parent genes and place at the
top, one above each column.
Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross: a cross that shows the
possible offspring for one trait
Aa x Aa
A: White fur
a: Brown fur
A a
A
a
AA
Aa
Aa aa
Cross over the
genes to fill in the
boxes of the
square.
Genotypic Ratios
Genotypic Ratios compare the possible
genotypes (gene combinations in the offspring.
Genotypic ratio:
Number of offspring with homozygous dominant genes AA
Number of offspring with heterozygous/hybrid genes Aa
Number of offspring with homozygous recessive genes aa
A a
A
a
AA
Aa
Aa aa
Aa x Aa
A: White fur
a: Brown fur
Sometimes abbreviated as:
GR = #hom dom (AA) : #hyb (Aa) : hom rec (aa)
GR = 1 : 2 : 1
Phenotypic Ratios
Phenotypic Ratios compare the possible
phenotypes (appearance of the offspring); how
many show the dominant trait or recessive trait.
Phenotypic ratio:
Number of offspring showing the dominant trait (AA & Aa)
Number of offspring showing the recessive trait (aa)
A a
A
a
AA
Aa
Aa aa
Aa x Aa
A: White fur
a: Brown fur
Sometimes abbreviated as:
PR = #show dom (AA & Aa) : #show rec (aa)
PR = 3 : 1
Practice!
Cross a HOMOZYGOUS dominant female with a
HETEROZYGOUS male using the same trait.
A A
A
a
AA
AA
Aa Aa
What is the
genotypic ratio?
What is the
phenotypic ratio?
2:2 or 50%
4 white fur
Dihybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross: shows the possible offspring
for two traits
This shows a
cross between
parents hybrid
for two traits:
BbRr x BbRr
Fur Color:
B: Black
b: White
Coat Texture:
R: Rough
r: Smooth
BbRr x BbRr
BR
bR
br
bR
Br
BR
br
Br
BBRR BbRR BbRr
BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr
BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr
BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr
BBRr
BR
bR
br
bR
Br
BR
br
Br
BBRR BbRR BbRr
BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr
BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr
BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr
BBRr
16
Dihybrid Crosses
Phenotypic Ratio: # dom/dom : # dom/rec : # rec/dom : # rec/rec
Phenotypic Ratio: 9:3:3:1
How many of the
offspring would have
a black, rough coat?
(#dom/dom)
How many would
have a black,
smooth coat?
(#dom/rec)
How many would
have a white, rough
coat? (#rec/dom)
How many would
have a white,
smooth coat?
(#rec/rec)
BR
bR
br
bR
Br
BR
br
Br
BBRR BbRR BbRr
BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr
BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr
BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr
BBRr
16
1
Dihybrid Crosses
If mouse #1 were crossed with mouse #16, what
would their offspring look like?
#1 x #16
BBRR x bbrr
#6 x #10
BBrr x BbRr
#14 x #16
Bbrr x bbrr
Fur Color:
B: Black
b: White
Coat Texture:
R: Rough
r: Smooth
More Complex Patterns
of Heredity
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Sex-Linked Traits
Codominance
C
R
C
R
C
W
C
W

C
R
C
W

Codominance: two dominant alleles are
expressed at the same time
Codominance
Sickle-Cell Anemia is
another codominant
trait.
N
A

N
A

N
S

N
A

N
S
N
A
N
S
N
A

N
A
N
A

N
A
N
A

N
A
=Normal RBC N
S
=Sickle Cell RBC
National Institute of Health,
http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/ccnews/nov99/
Photo attributed to Drs. Noguchi,
Rodgers, and Schechter of NIDDK.
Multiple Alleles
Multiple Alleles: traits with more than 2
alleles
Blood type has 3 alleles: A, B, O
A and B are codominant over O
O is recessive

Phenotype Genotype
Can Receive
From
Can Donate To
A I
A
I
A
, I
A
i A, O A, AB
B I
B
I
B
, I
B
i B, O B, AB
AB I
A
I
B
A, B, AB,O AB
O ii O A, B, AB, O
What are Sex-Linked Traits?
Traits that are located on one of the
sex chromosomes (XY or XX)
Hemophilia: Failure of
blood to clot
Muscular Dystrophy:
wasting away of
muscles
Alix and Nicholas II
Can I inherit a sex-linked disease?
Fathers (XY) can
only pass
disorders to
daughters (XX)
Mothers (XX) can
pass disorders to
both sons (XY) and
daughters (XX)
Most disorders are carried on
the X chromosome, so males
are more likely to inherit them.
How can I tell if I have a genetic disorder?
Karyotypes are a map of all 46 (23 pair)
of chromosomes.
Whats wrong with this Karyotype?
Is this a male or a female?
Whats wrong with this Karyotype?
Turners Syndrome
Whats wrong with this Karyotype?
Klinefelters Syndrome
Whats wrong with this Karyotype?
Down Syndrome
Pedigree Analysis
A pedigree shows inheritance of genetic
traits over several generations
male
female
Female
Carrier
Marriage
Offspring
Royal Hemophilia Pedigree
http://www.sciencecases.org/hemo/hemo.asp
Pedigree for Colorblindness