Personality Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior 2e
Andrew J. DuBrin PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook Chapter 2 A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 22 Learning Objectives 1. Explain how individual differences influence the behavior of people in organizations. 2. Describe the key factors contributing to demographic diversity. 3. Explain how mental ability relates to job performance. 4. Identify major personality variables that influence job performance. 5. Explain how emotional intelligence is an important part of organizational behavior. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 23 Individual Differences Personal characteristics of individuals produce variations in their behavioral responses to the same situations: Behavior is a function of the person interacting with the environment. B =(P x E) Behavior is determined (moderated) by the interactive effects of the person and the environment. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 24 Consequences of Individual Differences Variations in Productivity The more complex the job, the larger the impact of individual productivity differences on work output. Ability and Talent Having the right skills and abilities directly affects job performance. Propensity for Achieving High-Quality Results Some workers take pride and pursue excellence in their work while others do not. Empowerment and Involvement Workers differ in their desires to be fulfilled by and involved in their work. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 25 Consequences of Individual Differences Preferred leadership style Some workers prefer or require more supervision than others. Need for contact with other people Workers differ in the need to relate to others on the job. Commitment and loyalty to the firm There are large variations in the degree to which individuals are committed (loyal) to their firms. Variations in workers self-esteem High self-esteem is linked to self-efficacy (personal capability), self-respect (personal worth), and increased productivity. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 26 Demographic Diversity Difference in background factors shape worker attitudes and behaviors. Key sources of diversity include gender, age, race and ethnicity, and physical disability. Advantages of understanding diversity: Capitalize on differences Avoid negative stereotyping A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 27 Sex and Gender Differences Sex differences are actual biological differences in males and females. Gender differences are based on perceptions of male and female roles. Research findings indicate that: Men Communicate to convey information or establish status Emphasize immediate goals and value equity (fair treatment) More aggressive and less sensitive to others Women Communicate to convey and establish rapport and to solve problems More courteous and polite; value equality (sharing equally)
A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 28 Age- and Experience-Based Differences Shortages of skilled workers are likely by 2010. Job discrimination against older workers is problematic for employers who need workers. is well-documented by AARP testers. Job-related consequences of age Research results are mixed: Age and experience are predictive of performance on complex jobs although age and job performance are generally unrelated. Older workers have lower absenteeism, illness and accident rates, higher job satisfaction, and positive work values. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 29 Racial and Ethnic Differences Racioethnicity Term refers to a variety of racial and ethnic differences. Racioethnic differences in individual job performance are more attributable to culture than to racial or ethnic background. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 210 Disability Status American with Disabilities Act (1991) Defines disability as a physical or mental condition that substantially limits an individuals major life activities: learning, thinking, concentrating, interacting with others, caring for ones self, speaking, performing manual tasks, working, and sleeping. Companies with 25 or more employees must avoid discriminatory hiring practices that rule out hiring disabled individuals who can carry out the essential functions of the job with reasonable accommodation. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 211 Mental Ability Intelligence Is the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge, including solving problems. Is a major source of individual differences affecting job performance and behavior. Is difficult to measure accurately. The relative contributions of heredity and environment in fostering individual intelligence are in dispute. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 212 Components of Intelligence Standard Theory of Intelligence Intelligence consists of general cognitive factors (g) and special factors (s) that contribute to problem-solving ability. High scores on g are associated with good scholastic performance and success on the job. Special factors contributing to overall mental aptitude: Verbal comprehension Word fluency Numerical Spatial Memory Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Source: These seven factors stem from the pioneering work of L. L. Thurston, Primary Mental Abilities, Psychometric Monographs, 1 (1938) A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 213 The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Emphasis on Practical Intelligence) Three mental ability subtypes: Analytical Traditional type of intelligence focused on problem solving involving abstract reasoning. Creative I ntelligence needed for imagination and combining things in novel ways. Practical Street smarts needed to adapt to the environment. A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 214
The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Creative Practical Analytical Source: Based on information in Robert J. Trotter, Three Heads Are Better Than One, Psychology Today, August 1986, pp. 5662; modified and updated with information from Robert J. Sternberg, book review in Personnel Psychology, Summer 1999, pp. 471476. EXHIBIT 2-2 A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 215 Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardners theory of mental abilities People know and understand the world in different ways and through different lenses. Individuals possess eight intelligences (faculties) to varying degrees which create distinct individual intelligence profiles that influence behaviors: Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily/kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 216 Personality Differences Personality Is the persistent and enduring behavior patterns of an individual as expressed in wide variety of situations. Is regarded as the core of who a person is. Personality factors are important to performance on the job and to performance as a team member. Seven major personality factors and traits: Extraversion Emotional stability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience Self-monitoring of behavior Risk taking and thrill seeking A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 217 Psychological Types and Cognitive Styles (Myers-Briggs) Cognitive style Is the mental processes a person uses to perceive and make judgments from information. Is defined by how a person gathers information and evaluates information (Carl Jung). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Is a widely used test of personality and cognitive style. Uses a four-way classification of cognitive styles:
Sensation / Thinking I ntuitive / Thinking Sensation / Feeling I ntuitive / Feeling A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 218 Four Problem-Solving Styles and Work Match-Up Sensation / Thinking Sensation / Feeling Decisive, dependable, alert to details Pragmatic, analytical, methodical, conscientious Accounting, bookkeeping Supervision Computer programming Selling Manufacturing technology Negotiating Intuitive / Thinking Intuitive / Feeling Creative, progressive, perceptive Colorful, people oriented, helpful Design of systems Customer service Law, paralegal work Business communications Middle manager Human resources Source: John R. Schermerhorn, Jr., James G. Hunt, and Richard N. Osburn, Managing Organizational Behavior, 5th ed. (New York: John Wiley, 1994):119. EXHIBIT 2-3 A. J. Dubrin, Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition. Copyright 2002 by South-Western. 219 Emotional Intelligence Concept of emotional intelligence Understanding of ones own feelings Having empathy for others Regulating emotions to enhance living Key factors of emotional intelligence Self-awareness Self-regulation Motivation Empathy Social skill