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-americans are al%ays in a hurry. 9ust %atch the %ay they %al( do%n the street.: ;enyan. -Americans are distant. -1n the nited =tates, they thin( that life is only %or(.: 1ndonesia.
-americans are al%ays in a hurry. 9ust %atch the %ay they %al( do%n the street.: ;enyan. -Americans are distant. -1n the nited =tates, they thin( that life is only %or(.: 1ndonesia.
-americans are al%ays in a hurry. 9ust %atch the %ay they %al( do%n the street.: ;enyan. -Americans are distant. -1n the nited =tates, they thin( that life is only %or(.: 1ndonesia.
Culture and confict Culture A group level construct that embodies a distinctive system of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, rituals, symbols and meanings that is shared by a majority of interacting individuals in a community. Culture refers to a set of shared values, norms and beliefs held by the members of a group such as a nation or organization (Hofstede, 199!. "thnocentrism de#ned as $the vie% things in %hich one&s o%n group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated %ith reference to it. Problems Caused by Cultural Diferences A 'ritish boss as(ed a ne%, young American employee if he %ould li(e to have an early lunch at 11 am each day. )he employee said *+eah, that %ould be great,* )he boss immediately said -.ith that (ind of attitude, you may as %ell forget about lunch,- )he employee and the boss %ere both ba/ed by %hat %ent %rong. 01n "ngland, saying -yeah- in that conte2t is seen as rude and disrespectful.3 )he American employee of a 4erman company is disturbed by all the closed doors 55 it seems cold and unfriendly. Some Perceptions of Americans 6inland. -Americans al%ays %ant to say your name7 *)hat*s a nice tie, 8i((o. Hi 8i((o, ho% are you 8i((o$ 1ndian. -Americans are al%ays in a hurry. 9ust %atch the %ay they %al( do%n the street.: ;enyan. -Americans are distant. )hey are not really close to other people 55 even other Americans.: Colombia. -1n the <nited =tates, they thin( that life is only %or(.: 1ndonesia. -1n the <nited =tates everything has to be tal(ed about and analyzed. "ven the littlest thing has to be *.hy, %hy %hy>*.? Diferences between cultures 1.Intercultural communication 1ntercultural communication means sharing information or e2change across di@erent cultures andA or social groups. )raCc light is universally accepted in many countries but there are many other signs and symbols that are arbitrary across cultures. ".g., in the <= %aving a hand signi#es $good5bye& but in 9apan a similar gesture represents a reDuest to $come here&. Ei@erences bet%een cultures 2.Intercultural confict Ferceived incompatibility of values, norms, processes, or goals bet%een a minimum of t%o cultural parties over identity, relational, andAor substantive issues. ".g., conGict bet%een7 i. "astern (high conte2t! vs. .estern (lo% conte2t! ii. Fo%er distance iii. 6ace saving iv. EirectA indirect communication v. )ime i. East !i"! conte#t$ %ersus &est low conte#t$ "astern Cultures are often perceived as high conte2t cultures %here collectivism is important. 1n high conte2t cultures people7 5 <se a lot of indirect and nonverbal communication 5 8ostly collectivistic. 5 Flace greater value on silence, more indirect and ambiguous. 5 Hely more on social relationships 5 ;no% ho% to behave %ithout e2plicit %ritten instructions in many social settings. Feople from .estern cultures on the other hand are7 5 8ore individualistic and use lo% conte2t communication, 5 <se concrete language and direct communication to get their point across. 5 )end to tal( more, discourteous of other&s feelings and rely more on %ritten documents. ii. Power distance "astern cultures tend to have a very hierarchical structure, %here %estern cultures are more egalitarian. ".g., 1n 9apan, younger employees are e2pected to support the people in higher positions and never give their opinion directly to the manager. 1n multinational companies this is very visible, especially %hen the employer and the manager are not from the same culture. An Asian manager %ants the employee to be loyal to the company and to him, %ithout sho%ing o%n initiative, %hile a %estern employee %ould %ant to be able to sho% his s(ills and to pursue personal ful#lment. iii. 'ace sa%in" Freserving o%n image is something that everybody does, but it is the %ay of doing this that di@ers from one part of the %orld to another. 1n .estern cultures maintaining face means preserving your image for other people and yourself. )o do this, you can negotiate, debate, discuss di@erences and most of all defending your o%n opinion. "astern people may %ant to avoid conGict as much as possible to maintain their image. )hey also do not just ta(e their o%n opinion into account, but they listen to %hat their group thin(s. "astern employees also prefer to (eep their opinion to themselves rather than losing their face. i%. Direct and indirect communication 8ost .esterners %ill spea( openly %ith honesty and are al%ays to the point. Eirect communication is meant that a person spea(s out his intention %ith %ords, he %ill say e2actly %hat he means and often used in .estern (lo% conte2t cultures!. 1n "astern modesty and relations are highly valued. )hey tend to use %ords to hide their true intention and sho% their real intention mostly only through nonverbal communication and it is visible. "astern people also avoid saying *no* to preserve the relationship, instead of saying that something is impossible they %ill soften their message by using the %ord *diCcult$. %. (ime
)he dominant groups in 4erman culture are said to be monochronic in their approach of time. Feople %ho vie% time as monochronic do not %ant to %aste time, but are eager to get to conGict resolution Duic(ly. 8onochronic cultures li(e to do just one thing at a time. Feople %ho vie% time as polychronic may focus more on the relationship, building trust and commitment, before moving onto resolution of the particular conGict. Folychronic cultures li(e to do multiple things at the same time. A manager*s oCce in a polychronic culture typically has an open door, a ringing phone and a meeting all going on at the same time. Folychronic cultures include the 6rench and the Americans. A !ierarc!ical )odel of Cultural understandin" )he cultural perspectives governs one&s understanding or de#nition of recurring social situations, activities or events. Iuestioning our e2pectations of others& behavior, being adaptive to the situation, and remaining alert to %hat %e perceive the other&s e2pectations to be %ill help us to act more competently in conGict situations. Cultural perspecti%e*%alue system .orld vie% J is a person&s model for perceiving, relating and interpreting cultureA%orld De+nition of t!e situation*social relations!ip Kne&s perception or understanding of a recurring social setting %ith particular roles, rules, spatial arrangements, and a purpose or goal. 5 =ome rules might be applicable to certain cultures ,uman be!a%ior*communication =igni#cant behavior is learned through e2perience as %e are positively or negatively reinforced for performing it. 6igure 1. A hierarchical 8odel of Cultural understanding Source R. S. Lulofs., & D. D. Cahn.(2003). Confict from theory to action (2 nd d.). !S"# "llyn and $acon )his model describe the role of cultural inGuence in communication and conGict processes. Cultural diferences in confict resolution Hesearch on cross5cultural variations in conGict resolution strategies has found that people of di@erent cultures use signi#cantly di@erent conGict resolution strategies (6isher, 19LM, )se, 6rancis, 199, )ung, 19L! 6letcher and Kle(alns (199L!. Cultural di@erences in conGict resolution7 1ndividualism and collectivism in the Asia5 Faci#c Hegion, %or&in' (a)er *S, 2, 151 Participants Farticipants J 1L9 Australia (n N9O! Asians (n N9P! J H;, 8sia, =pore, Qietnam and other countries Instrument- 1.)homas5;ilman ConGict 8KE" R.)riandis 1SECKT P.Eemographic Duestionnaire Eata %ere analyzed in a R (birthplace7 AustAAsia! U R (culture71ndCol! U V ConGict resolution strategies (accommodating, competing, compromising, avoiding and collaborating! analysis of variance. 'i%e strate"ies for confict resolution 1.Collaboratin" style 'ased on integrating and problem solving, %ith the aim of ma2imizing joint outcomes. 2. Competin" style J assertive and uncooperative HeGects little concern for others& goals J standing up your rights and trying to %in. .. Accommodatin" style J unassertive and cooperative (opposite of competing!. 1nvolves the sacri#ce of one&s o%n concerns to satisfy the concerns of others. =elf5less generosity or charity, obeying another person&s order. 'i%e strate"ies for confict resolution /. Compromisin" style 0 moderate in both assertive and cooperativeness A moderate concern for one&s o%n and the other party&s outcomes that freDuently translates into a $split the di@erence& approach. 1. A%oidin" style J does not deal %ith conGict )he immediate onset of conGict is avoided and the parties %ait until there is a better time to try and overcome the conGict. Table 1 Average Scores on Thomas-Kilmann Conflict MODE as a function of Individualism-Collectivism ________________________________________________________ Compete Collaorate Compromise Avoid Accommodate ________________________________________________________ I!D "#$% "#$& %#&& %#'( "#)( CO* (#+,
"#$- 7.03 %#(% %#,) ____________________________________________________________________________________ !ote. Means /ith different suscripts are sig# different Across self-construal Collectivists have a significantly weaker preference for competing Collectivists have a stronger preference for compromising. Individualist have a stronger preference for avoiding and compromising than they do for accommodating. )able R "+era'e Scores on ,homas-.ilmann Confict /*D as a function of $irth)lace ________________________________________________________ Compete Collaorate Compromise Avoid Accommodate ________________________________________________________ A0ST "#%, "#$& 6.56
"#+'
"#"% ASIA!S &#(&
"#+) 6.99 6.85
"#$, ____________________________________________________________________________________ Across birthplace Asians have a significantly weaker preference for competing than Aust. Asians showed a stronger preference for compromising and avoiding than for accommodating and collaborating. Australians showed a much stronger preference for compromising ConGict resolution styles ________________________________________________________ Compete Collaorate Compromise Avoid Accommodate n 123 ________________________________________________________ Aust 25 (18.1) 14 (10.1) 1 !1".#$ 1% !1&.1$ 1' !1&.($ Asian 6 !%.#$ % !".($ 1 !1".#$ 16 (11.6) 1& !."$ ____________________________________________________________________________________ <S resolutions on cultures 1.Hespect all life R.Heject violence P.=hare %ith others .Tisten to understand V.Freserve the planet O.Hediscover solidarity W..or( for %omen&s eDuality L.Farticipate in democracy 'onta (199P! indicates W peaceful cultures around the %orld. (!ese cultures use non%iolent confict resolution strate"ies. Amish culture ) *erman +utterites culture ) *erman Inuit culture ) *erman ,ennonites and -apotec or .orth America the /iaroa of 0outh America 0emai of Asia Culture of peace A culture of peace as a culture that includes $patterns of belief, values, behavior and accompanying institutional arrangements that promote mutual caring and %ell5being as %ell as eDuality that includes appreciation of di@erence and eDuitable sharing of the earth&s resources among its members and %ith all living things ('oulding, RMMM, p.1!. )he year 2222 was declared t!e International 3ear for t!e Culture of Peace and the decade from RMM1 to RM1M %as declared the decade for a culture of peace and nonviolence for children of the %orld. Conclusions Culture is al%ays a factor in conGict, %hether it plays a central role or inGuences it subtly and gently. (utorial Discussion .hen conGict arises, do you normally loo( for $personal& causes of the conGict, or do you consider %hether cultural perspective has something to do %ith the conGict that is occurring> Ho% can you become more a%are of the role of culture in the various conGicts that you e2perience. Compare your culture and the culture of a friend you (no% fairly %ell across the various values discussed in lecture about culture and conGict. Kn %hich are you similar> .hich of these values is li(ely to cause conGict bet%een you and your friend>